scholarly journals Preparedness of civil society in Botswana to advance disability inclusion in programmes addressing gender-based and other forms of violence against women and girls with disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Hanass-Hancock ◽  
Nomfundo Mthethwa ◽  
Malebogo Molefhe ◽  
Tshiamo Keakabetse
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Women With Disabilities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Gender Based

Background: In low-income and middle-income countries women and girls with disabilities are more likely to experience violence than those without disabilities. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and disabled people’s organisations (DPOs) can help to address this. However, in countries like Botswana we know little about the preparedness of NGOs and DPOs to increase inclusion in and access to programmes addressing violence.Objectives: To explore the capacity and preparedness of NGOs and DPOs to ensure that women and girls with disabilities can participate in and access programmes addressing violence.Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken using interviews with 17 NGOs and DPOs in Botswana to understand the organisations’ level of and ability to deliver programmes addressing violence against women and girls.Results: Both NGOs and DPOs lack elements of universal design and reasonable accommodation, and thus are inaccessible to some people with disabilities. Some programmes address violence against women but lack skills and resources to accommodate people with disabilities. In contrast, DPOs work with people with disabilities, but lack focus on violence against women with disabilities. Participants identified opportunities to fill these gaps, including adaptation of policies and structural changes, training, approaches to mainstream disability across programmes, development of disability-specific interventions and improved networking.Conclusions: Botswana’s NGOs and DPOs are well positioned to address violence against women and girls with disabilities, but need to increase their accessibility, staff knowledge and skills and disability inclusion. Training, resource allocation and participation of women with disabilities in NGOs and DPOs is needed to drive this change

The Economic Cost of Violence Against Women and Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110160
Author(s):  
Seema Vyas ◽  
Melissa Meinhart ◽  
Katrina Troy ◽  
Hannah Brumbaum ◽  
Catherine Poulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Female Genital Cutting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Evidence demonstrating the economic burden of violence against women and girls can support policy and advocacy efforts for investment in violence prevention and response programming. We undertook a systematic review of evidence on the costs of violence against women and girls in low- and middle-income countries published since 2005. In addition to understanding costs, we examined the consistency of methodological approaches applied and identified and assessed common methodological issues. Thirteen articles were identified, eight of which were from sub-Saharan Africa. Eight studies estimated costs associated with domestic or intimate partner violence, others estimated the costs of interpersonal violence, female genital cutting, and sexual assaults. Methodologies applied to estimate costs were typically based on accounting approaches. Our review found that out-of-pocket expenditures to individuals for seeking health care after an episode of violence ranged from US$29.72 (South Africa) to US$156.11 (Romania) and that lost productivity averaged from US$73.84 to US$2,151.48 (South Africa) per facility visit. Most studies that estimated provider costs of service delivery presented total programmatic costs, and there was variation in interventions, scale, and resource inputs measured which hampered comparability. Variations in methodological assumptions and data availability also made comparisons across countries and settings challenging. The limited scope of studies in measuring the multifaceted impacts of violence highlights the challenges in identifying cost metrics that extend beyond specific violence episodes. Despite the limited evidence base, our assessment leads us to conclude that the estimated costs of violence against women and girls are a fraction of its true economic burden.

scholarly journals What will it cost to prevent violence against women and girls in low- and middle-income countries? Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Torres-Rueda ◽  
Giulia Ferrari ◽  
Stacey Orangi ◽  
Regis Hitimana ◽  
Emmanuelle Daviaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Women And Girls

Abstract Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global problem with profound consequences. Although there is a growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of VAWG prevention interventions, economic data are scarce. We carried out a cross-country study to examine the costs of VAWG prevention interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We collected primary cost data on six different pilot VAWG prevention interventions in six countries: Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia. The interventions varied in their delivery platforms, target populations, settings and theories of change. We adopted a micro-costing methodology. We calculated total costs and a number of unit costs common across interventions (e.g. cost per beneficiary reached). We used the pilot-level cost data to model the expected total costs and unit costs of five interventions scaled up to the national level. Total costs of the pilots varied between ∼US $208 000 in a small group intervention in South Africa to US $2 788 000 in a couples and community-based intervention in Rwanda. Staff costs were the largest cost input across all interventions; consequently, total costs were sensitive to staff time use and salaries. The cost per beneficiary reached in the pilots ranged from ∼US $4 in a community-based intervention in Ghana to US $1324 for one-to-one counselling in Zambia. When scaled up to the national level, total costs ranged from US $32 million in Ghana to US $168 million in Pakistan. Cost per beneficiary reached at scale decreased for all interventions compared to the pilots, except for school-based interventions due to differences in student density per school between the pilot and the national average. The costs of delivering VAWG prevention vary greatly due to differences in the geographical reach, number of intervention components and the complexity of adapting the intervention to the country. Cost-effectiveness analyses are necessary to determine the value for money of interventions.

scholarly journals Health of transgender men in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e003471
Author(s):  
Ayden Scheim ◽  
Vibhuti Kacholia ◽  
Carmen Logie ◽  
Venkatesan Chakrapani ◽  
Ketki Ranade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Men’S Health ◽  
Men's Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

IntroductionDespite the rapid growth of research on transgender (trans) health globally, the extent of research on trans men and other transmasculine persons assigned the female sex at birth remains unclear. We, therefore, conducted a scoping review on trans men’s health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsThe review included peer-reviewed articles and conference abstracts, and grey literature published from 1 January 1999 to 5 July 2019 in English, French, Hindi or Spanish and reporting original quantitative and/or qualitative data on the health of trans men or transmasculine persons living in LMIC. Studies were excluded if they did not disaggregate data for trans men or if they only described surgical techniques or laboratory values.ResultsWe included 53 studies (42 peer-reviewed and 11 grey literature) from 19 LMIC. Most were conducted in higher-middle-income countries (n=12) and in Latin America (n=16, 30.2%), the Middle East (n=14, 26.4%) or Sub-Saharan Africa (n=12, 22.6%) and published in 2014 or later (n=44, 83.0%). Approximately half of studies used quantitative methods (52.8%, n=28), of which 64.3% (n=18) had fewer than 50 participants and 14.2% (n=4) had over 150. Across study designs, social determinants of health and gender-affirming care were the most commonly represented domains (49.1% and 47.1% of studies respectively), with common themes including gender-based violence, coercion and discrimination as well as unprescribed hormone use. Other domains represented included mental health (32.1%), sexual and reproductive health (24.5%), general healthcare access (18.9%), physical health (9.4%) and substance use (9.4%).ConclusionGreater inclusion and disaggregation of trans men and transmasculine persons in global health research is needed to support sex- and gender-based analyses of trans health. Community-based research approaches and theoretically driven research may help to increase the relevance and rigour of such research. Funders should invest in research on trans men’s health in LMIC.

scholarly journals How Poor Are People With Disabilities? Evidence Based on the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index

2020 ◽  
pp. 104420732091994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Pinilla-Roncancio ◽  
Sabina Alkire
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Middle Income Countries

People with disabilities and their families have been recognized as a high-risk population for poverty. Although the number of studies analyzing the levels of poverty of this group has increased, there is still a lack of empirical evidence that establishes whether and how people with disabilities are significantly poorer than families with no disabled members. This study analyses the levels of multidimensional poverty of people living in households with members with disabilities in 11 low- and middle-income countries in different regions of the world, using the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The results reveal that in five of the 11 countries people living in households with disabled members face higher levels of multidimensional poverty compared with people without disabilities. In addition, we found that differences between the levels of poverty were larger in middle-income countries than in low-income countries, revealing the existence of a development disability gap.

The Role of Technical Standards in Improving Digital Accessibility in Under-Resourced Regions and Communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
Judy Brewer ◽  
Shadi Abou-Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Barriers To Participation ◽  
Middle Income Countries

People with disabilities in under-resourced communities, including in low-income and lower middle-income countries and in many Indigenous communities, have not yet benefited as much from digital accessibility as have people with disabilities in higher-income regions. This chapter addresses factors that contribute to these disparities and describes the role of standards in promoting digital accessibility. It describes barriers to participation, approaches that can help improve opportunities for people from under-resourced communities to engage in development of accessibility standards and accessible technologies, and steps that can increase promotion and uptake of digital accessibility standards in under-resourced regions and communities.

scholarly journals The impact of gender equity in agriculture on nutritional status, diets, and household food security: a mixed-methods systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e002173
Author(s):  
Helen Harris-Fry ◽  
Hayaan Nur ◽  
Bhavani Shankar ◽  
Giacomo Zanello ◽  
Chittur Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionUndernutrition rates remain high in rural, low-income settings, where large, gender-based inequities persist. We hypothesised that increasing gender equity in agriculture could improve nutrition.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to assess the associations between gender-based inequities (in income, land, livestock, and workloads) and nutrition, diets and food security outcomes in agricultural contexts of low-income and middle-income countries. Between 9 March and 7 August 2018, we searched 18 databases and 14 journals, and contacted 27 experts. We included quantitative and qualitative literature from agricultural contexts in low-income and middle-income countries, with no date restriction. Outcomes were women’s and children’s anthropometric status, dietary quality and household food security. We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models.ResultsWe identified 19 820 records, of which 34 studies (42 809 households) met the inclusion criteria. Most (22/25) quantitative studies had a high risk of bias, and qualitative evidence was of mixed quality. Income, land and livestock equity had heterogeneous associations with household food security and child anthropometric outcomes. Meta-analyses showed women’s share of household income earned (0.32, 95% CI −4.22 to 4.86; six results) and women’s share of land owned (2.72, 95% CI -0.52 to 5.96; three results) did not increase the percentage of household budget spent on food. Higher-quality studies showed more consistently positive associations between income equity and food security. Evidence is limited on other exposure–outcome pairings.ConclusionsWe find heterogeneous associations between gender equity and household-level food security. High-quality research is needed to establish the impact of gender equity on nutrition outcomes across contexts.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018093987.

scholarly journals Interventions to reduce gender-based violence among young people living with or affected by HIV/AIDS in low-income and middle-income countries

AIDS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (14) ◽  
pp. 2219-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Meinck ◽  
Marija Pantelic ◽  
Thees F. Spreckelsen ◽  
Luisa Orza ◽  
Madison T. Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Hiv Aids
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