scholarly journals The spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus and their distribution in the chinchilla

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Martinez-Pereira ◽  
E. M. Rickes
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Nerve ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Ilioinguinal Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
L1 And L2

In this study, the spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacrales) (LSP) and its distribution in Chinchilla lanigera were investigated. Ten chinchillas (6 males and 4 females) were used in this research. The spinal nerves that constitute the LSP were dissected and the distribution of pelvic limb nerves originating from the plexus was examined. The iliohypogastric nerve arose from L1 and L2,, giving rise to the cranial and caudal nerves, and the ilioinguinal nerve arose from L3. The other branch of L3 gave rise to the genitofemoral nerve and 1 branch from L4 gave rise to the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve. The trunk formed by the union of L4–5 divided into medial (femoral nerve) and lateral branches (obturator nerve). It was found that the LSP was formed by all the ventral branches of L4 at L6 and S1 at S3. At the caudal part of the plexus, a thick branch, the ischiadic plexus, was formed by contributions from L5–6 and S1. This root gave rise to the nerve branches which were disseminated to the posterior limb (cranial and caudal gluteal nerves, caudal cutaneous femoral nerve and ischiadic nerve). The ischiadic nerve divided into the caudal cutaneous surae, lateral cutaneous surae, common fibular and tibial nerve. The pudendal nerve arose from S1–2 and the other branch of S2 and S3 formed the rectal caudal nerve. The results showed that the origins and distribution of spinal nerves that constitute the LSP of chinchillas were similar to those of a few rodents and other mammals.

scholarly journals The dissemination of pelvic limb nerves originating from the lumbosacral plexus in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Nerve ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Ilioinguinal Nerve ◽  
Hystrix Cristata ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fibular Nerve

In this study the nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales of porcupines (<I>Hystrix cristata</I>) were investigated. Four porcupines (two males and two females) were used. The plexus lumbosacrales of animals were appropriately dissected and dissemination of pelvic limb nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales was examined. The nerves originated from the plexus lumbosacrales of porcupines (<I>Hystrix cristata</I>): iliohypogastric nerve from T15, ilioinguinal nerve (on the left side of only one animal) genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves from T15 and L1, the femoral and obturator nerves from T15, L1, L2 and L3. The femoral nerve divided into two as the common dorsal digital nerve I and II after it branched into motor and skin nerves. The cranial gluteal nerve originated from L3 and L4 in males and from only L3 in females. The caudal gluteal nerve and the caudal femoral cutaneous and sciatic nerves originated from the common root which was formed by the union of L3, L4 and S1 in one animal, and by the union of L3, L4, S1 and S2 in the three other animals. The sciatic nerve divided into the tibial and fibular nerve. The fibular nerve divided into two as the common dorsal digital nerve III and IV, and extended after branching in one direction to extensor muscles. The tibial nerve divided into the common palmares digital nerve I, II, III and IV, and extended after branching into the cutaneous surae caudales nerve and rami muscle distales. The cutaneous surae caudales nerve divided into the common palmar and dorsal digital nerve V. The pudendal and caudal rectal nerves originated from S2 in three animals and from S1 in the remaining animal. In the point of origin from the branches of spinal nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales, and also in the absence of the ilioinguinal nerve (on left side abroad of only one animal), originating from T15 and L1 of the genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, from T15 of the iliohypogastric nerve, the studied porcupines differed from rodentia and other mammals

Macroanatomical Structure of the Lumbosacral Plexus and its Branches in the Indigenous Duck

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Hussan ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
J Alam
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Plexus ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

The present study was carried out to determine the morphological structure and the branches of the lumbosacral plexus in the indigenous duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Six mature indigenous ducks were used in this study. After administering an anesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The nerves of the lumbosacral plexus were dissected separately and photographed. The lumbosacral plexus consisted of lumbar and sacral plexus innervated to the hind limb. The lumbar plexus was formed by the union of three roots of spinal nerves that included last two and first sacral spinal nerve. Among three roots, second (middle) root was the highest in diameter and the last root was least in diameter. We noticed five branches of the lumbar plexus which included obturator, cutaneous femoral, saphenus, cranial coxal, and the femoral nerve. The six roots of spinal nerves, which contributed to form three trunks, formed the sacral plexus of duck. The three trunks united medial to the acetabular foramen and formed a compact, cylindrical bundle, the ischiatic nerve. The principal branches of the sacral plexus were the tibial and fibular nerves that together made up the ischiatic nerve. Other branches were the caudal coxal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branches. This study was the first work on the lumbosacral plexus of duck and its results may serve as a basis for further investigation on this subject.

Surgical treatment of lumbosacral plexus injuries

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Lang ◽  
Jörg Borges ◽  
Thomas Carlstedt
Keyword(s):  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
Nerve Transfers ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The purpose of this study was to analyze therapeutic possibilities and clinical outcomes in patients with lumbosacral plexus injuries to develop surgical concepts of treatment. Methods. In a retrospective investigation 10 patients with injuries to the lumbosacral plexus were evaluated after surgery. The patients were assessed clinically, electrophysiologically, and based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography myelography. In most patients a traction injury had occurred due to severe trauma that also caused pelvic fractures. In most cases the roots of the cauda equina of the lumbosacral plexus had ruptured. In cases of spinal root ruptures repair with nerve grafts were performed. In cases in which proximal stumps of the plexus could not be retrieved palliative nerve transfers by using lower intercostals nerves or fascicles from the femoral nerve were performed. Conclusions. Lesions of the proximal spinal nerves and cauda equina occur in the most serious lumbosacral plexus injuries. Patients with such injuries subjected to reconstruction of spinal nerves, repair of ventral roots in the cauda equina, and nerve transfers recovered basic lower-extremity functions such as unsupported standing and walking.

A study of the development of the head and pharynx of the larval urodele Hynobius and its bearing on the evolution of the vertebrate head

1959 ◽  
Vol 242 (690) ◽  
pp. 151-204 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Blood System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Arch ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Muscle Nerve ◽  
11Th Segment ◽  
Nasal Capsule

The early development of the head and pharynx of Hynobius nebulosus (11.5 to 32 mm long) and retardatus (27 and 37 mm specimens) was investigated in some detail from transverse serial microtome sections. Analysis included the chondrocranium, jaws and hyobranchial skeleton, ossifications, cranial and anterior spinal nerves, musculature, blood system and other associated anatomical features. The structure of the skeletogenous elements in general agreed with earlier descriptions. However, a rudimentary fenestra lateralis nasi is found in the nasal capsule of H. nebulosus , hitherto not reported, and a complete cartilaginous processus pterygoideus, confluent with the trabecula and inner margin of the lamina orbito-nasalis described by Edgeworth (1923 a ), was not extant in any Hynobius specimen. H. retardatus has a hypoglossal foramen (and nerve) and joins H. nebulosus (Fox 1957), Cryptobranchus japonicus and alleghaniensis as the only living Amphibia to possess this structure. The neural arch homology of the occipital crest is reaffirmed. The columella stilus of the 32 mm H. nebulosus is confluent with the pterygo-quadrate cartilage and because the hyoid and columella have a common blastematous origin in Hypogeophis (Marcus 1910), it is suggested that there was an ancestral cartilaginous continuity between the hyoid and pterygo-quadrate cartilage, similar to the commissura terminales of the branchiale. This feature would further emphasize the branchial segmental homologies of the mandibular cartilage, hyoid and branchiale. The pattern of the cranial nerves is similar to that of other urodele larvae and the arrangement of the profundus and maxillaris nerves supports the view of the descent of urodeles from porolepiforme crossopterygians (Jarvik 1942). There is a segmental series of eleven head-pharynx segments, a complete branchial segment including a levator muscle, nerve, cartilage bar and gill cleft. Each post-hyoid segment is complete except for the absence of branchiale V and VI, and behind the fourth functional gill cleft there are three vestigial blind ones and then the larynx and trachea leading to the lungs. The masseter (2nd segment), digastricus (3rd segment), dilator laryngeus (10th segment) and trapezius (11th segment) are considered to be the homologues of the other six intervening levator gill arch muscles. The arytenoid and tracheal cartilages are considered to be branchial bars of the 10th and 11th segments respectively, and the lungs to have developed from gill pouches of the 11th segment which failed to reach the exterior early in vertebrate evolution. The classical view of the homology of the laryngo-tracheal skeleton with a branchial bar enunciated by Gegenbaur and Wilder independently in 1892 is therefore upheld; disagreement is merely a numerical one. The basic segmental components of the amphibian head and pharynx are modified in ontogeny by omission, distortion or addition, in order to fit the animal for a terrestrial existence.

scholarly journals Perineural spread of pelvic malignancies to the lumbosacral plexus and beyond: clinical and imaging patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. E14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Capek ◽  
Benjamin M. Howe ◽  
Kimberly K. Amrami ◽  
Robert J. Spinner
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Perineural Spread ◽  
Tumor Spread ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexopathy ◽  
Pelvic Cancer ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

OBJECT Perineural spread along pelvic autonomie nerves has emerged as a logical, anatomical explanation for selected cases of neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy (LSP) in patients with prostate, bladder, rectal, and cervical cancer. The authors wondered whether common radiological and clinical patterns shared by various types of pelvic cancer exist. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed their institutional series of 17 cases concluded as perineural tumor spread. All available history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, biopsy data and imaging studies, evidence of other metastatic disease, and follow-up were recorded in detail. The series was divided into 2 groups: cases with neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy confirmed by biopsy (Group A) and cases included based on imaging characteristics despite the lack of biopsy or negative biopsy results (Group B). RESULTS Group A comprised 10 patients (mean age 69 years); 9 patients were symptomatic and 1 was asymptomatic. The L5–S1 spinal nerves and sciatic nerve were most frequently involved. Three patients had intradural extension. Seven patients were alive at last follow-up. Group B consisted of 7 patients (mean age 64 years); 4 patients were symptomatic, 2 were asymptomatic, and 1 had only imaging available. The L5–S1 spinal nerves and the sciatic nerve were most frequently involved. No patients had intradural extension. Four patients were alive at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide a unifying theory to explain lumbosacral plexopathy in select cases of various pelvic neoplasms. The tumor cells can use splanchnic nerves as conduits and spread from the end organ to the lumbosacral plexus. Tumor can continue to spread along osseous and muscle nerve branches, resulting in muscle and bone “metastases.” Radiological studies show a reproducible, although nonspecific pattern, and the same applies to clinical presentation.

Retrospective comparison of two peripheral lumbosacral plexus blocks in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vettorato ◽  
C. De Gennaro ◽  
S. Okushima ◽  
F. Corletto
Keyword(s):  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
Pelvic Limb

scholarly journals Aortic thromboembolism. A different predisposing disease in four dogs: a case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 417-421
Author(s):  
JO Ahn ◽  
SC Park ◽  
WJ Song ◽  
MO Ryu ◽  
Q Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Doppler Ultrasonography ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Iliac Arteries ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Concurrent Disease

Four dogs had signs of pelvic limb lameness, pain, and collapse resulting from an occlusion of the distal aorta or the iliac arteries by thrombi. The diagnosis of an aortic thromboembolism was based on the absence or weakness of a femoral pulse, and the two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonography of the abdominal aorta, iliac, and femoral arteries. Three dogs had a concurrent disease predisposing to thrombosis, including hyperadrenocorticism, protein losing nephropathy, neoplasia, and cardiac disease. Three dogs were treated with a tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in an attempt to lyse the thrombosis; two regained pelvic limb function. The other two dogs died shortly after the diagnosis of a thrombosis. A complete description of the history, clinical signs, laboratory analysis and imaging studies is included. Moreover, a review of the aortic thromboembolism, a diagnosis protocol and the options for its treatment are discussed.

Effect of intraoperative positioning on postoperative neurological status in cats after perineal urethrostomy

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 931-937
Author(s):  
Pavel Slunsky ◽  
Mathias Brunnberg ◽  
Shenja Loderstedt ◽  
Alexander Haake ◽  
Leo Brunnberg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Spinal Pain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Lumbosacral Region ◽  
Faecal Continence ◽  
Pelvic Limb

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the changes in neurological status in cats after perineal urethrostomy performed in dorsal and ventral recumbency. Methods This was a prospective, randomised study. Twenty male castrated cats with feline lower urinary tract disease presented for perineal urethrostomy were enrolled in this study. Surgery was performed in either dorsal recumbency (group A) or ventral recumbency (group B). Motor response of patellar tendon, gastrocnemius muscle, pelvic limb withdrawal and perineal reflexes, as well as the presence of spinal pain in the lumbosacral region, motor function of the tail and faecal continence, were examined before surgery, and 24 h and 14 days after surgery. Results The animals had a mean weight of 5.07 ± 1.08 kg, with a mean age of 6.12 ± 1.85 years. Weight and age were not significantly different between groups A and B (both P = 0.897). All tested parameters of the neurological examination performed prior to surgery were considered normal in both groups ( P = 1). The comparison between neurological examinations (perineal reflex and spinal pain) before and 24 h after surgery revealed a significantly decreased briskness of the perineal reflex and an increased occurrence of spinal pain 24 h after surgery ( P = 0.043 and P = 0.031, respectively). However, the changes of aforementioned parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 0.249 and P = 0.141) between groups A and B. The other parameters (patellar tendon, pelvic limb withdrawal and gastrocnemius muscle reflexes, motor function of the tail and faecal continence) were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 24 h after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 24 h after surgery. Results of all tested parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 14 days after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 14 days after surgery. Conclusions and relevance The briskness of the perineal reflex was significantly decreased and the occurrence of spinal pain significantly increased 24 h after surgery. A parallel with a low-grade positioning-dependent nerve injury as described in human medicine may be drawn. However, no positioning method was proven to be superior to the other.

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