scholarly journals Importation of canid rabies in a horse relocated from Zimbabwe to South Africa : research communication

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Sabeta ◽  
J.L. Randles
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Polymerase Chain

In July 2003 a 2-year-old Thoroughbred colt was imported from Harare, Zimbabwe to the Ashburton Training Centre, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Five months after importation, the colt presented with clinical signs suggestive of rabies: it was uncoordinated, showed muscle tremors and was biting at itself. Brain tissue was submitted for analysis and the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region of the rabies virus confirmed it to be an infection with a canid rabies virus, originating from an area in Zimbabwe endemic for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) rabies.

scholarly journals Clarifying Indeterminate Results on the Rabies Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test Using Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Appler ◽  
Scott Brunt ◽  
Jodie A. Jarvis ◽  
April D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objectives: Each year, rabies virus infection results in the death of more than 50 000 persons worldwide. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 23 human rabies cases from May 1, 2008, through October 1, 2017. Although rabies testing in the United States is highly reliable, some specimens submitted to rabies laboratories do not have adequate tissues or may be substantially decomposed. In these instances, the specimen may be considered unsatisfactory for testing or produce indeterminate results using the gold standard direct fluorescent antibody test. The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of unsatisfactory samples or samples with indeterminate results that were positive for rabies virus after additional testing using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods: In 2016, we retested all unsatisfactory specimens or specimens with indeterminate results using real-time RT-PCR. We further typed any sample that was real-time RT-PCR positive to identify the infecting rabies virus variant. Results: Of 210 retested unsatisfactory specimens or specimens with indeterminate results, 9 (4.3%) were positive for rabies. In each case, the animal was infected with a homologous rabies virus variant. Conclusion: These results confirm the recommendation by CDC and state public health laboratories that indeterminate results should be considered positive and justify the prompt treatment of exposed persons through an animal that is suspected to have rabies.

scholarly journals A case study of rabies diagnosis from formalin-fixed brain material : short communication

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Coertse ◽  
L. H. Nel ◽  
C. T. Sabeta ◽  
J. Weyer ◽  
A. Grobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Formalin Fixed ◽  
Brain Tissues

Rabies is caused by several Lyssavirus species, a group of negative sense RNA viruses. Although rabies is preventable, it is often neglected particularly in developing countries in the face of many competing public and veterinary health priorities. Epidemiological information based on laboratory-based surveillance data is critical to adequately strategise control and prevention plans. In this regard the fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in brain tissues is still considered the basic requirement for laboratory confirmation of animal cases. Occasionally brain tissues from suspected rabid animals are still submitted in formalin, although this has been discouraged for a number of years. Immunohistochemical testing or a modified fluorescent antibody technique can be performed on such samples. However, this method is cumbersome and cannot distinguish between different Lyssavirus species. Owing to RNA degradation in formalin-fixed tissues, conventional RT-PCR methodologies have also been proven to be unreliable. This report is concerned with a rabies case in a domestic dog from an area in South Africa where rabies is not common. Typing of the virus involved was therefore important, but the only available sample was submitted as a formalin-fixed specimen. A real-time RT-PCR method was therefore applied and it was possible to confirmrabies and obtain phylogenetic information that indicated a close relationship between this virus and the canid rabies virus variants from another province (KwaZulu-Natal) in South Africa.

scholarly journals Utility of forensic detection of rabies virus in decomposed exhumed dog carcasses

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Markotter ◽  
Jessica Coertse ◽  
Kevin Le Roux ◽  
Joey Peens ◽  
Jacqueline Weyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Brain Material ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Genomic Material

This report describes four suspected rabies cases in domestic dogs that were involved inhuman exposures. In all these cases, the animals were buried for substantial times beforerabies testing was performed. Animal rabies is endemic in South Africa and domestic dogsare the main vector for transmission to humans. Diagnosis of rabies in humans is complicated,and diagnosis in the animal vector can provide circumstantial evidence to support clinicaldiagnosis of rabies in humans. The gold standard diagnostic method, fluorescent antibodytest (FAT), only delivers reliable results when performed on fresh brain material and thereforedecomposed samples are rarely submitted for diagnostic testing. Severely decomposed brainmaterial was tested for the presence of rabies virus genomic material using a quantitativereal-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-real-time RT-PCR) assaywhen conventional molecular methods were unsuccessful. This may be a useful tool in theinvestigation of cases where the opportunity to sample the suspected animals post mortem wasforfeited and which would not be possible with conventional testing methodologies becauseof the decomposition of the material.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test for Diagnosis of Genital Herpes

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 053-056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrushali Patwardhan ◽  
Preena Bhalla ◽  
Deepti Rawat ◽  
Vijay Kumar Garg ◽  
Kabir Sardana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Genital Herpes ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Genital Ulcer ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare laboratory tests that can simultaneously detect and type herpes simplex virus (HSV) directly from the genital ulcer specimens in clinically suspected cases of genital herpes. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted over 10 months and 44 adult male and female patients clinically suspected with genital herpes were recruited. Genital ulcer swab specimens were subjected to glycoprotein-G gene-based conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and commercially available direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test and the results were compared. Results: PCR for HSV was positive in 82% (36/44) cases. DFA was positive in 68.2% (30/44) cases. There was 100% agreement between HSV types detected by DFA and PCR. The strength of agreement between the results was better in primary genital herpes than recurrent cases. Conclusion: PCR was found to be better in the detection of HSV in recurrent genital herpes patients. It is a better modality, especially when genital herpes clinically presents with ulcerative or crusted lesions, and is also a cheaper alternative as compared to DFA.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction/Probe Test of Serum Samples and Immunohistochemistry of Skin Sections for Detection of Acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infections

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia F. Ridpath ◽  
Sharon K. Hietala ◽  
Steve Sorden ◽  
John D. Neill
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) cause both acute and persistent infections. While diagnostic tests have been designed to detect animals persistently infected (PI) with BVDV, the reliability of these tests in detecting acute BVDV infections is not known. It is also possible that acute BVDV infections may be confused with persistent infections in surveys for PI animals. In this study, 2 tests presently in use in diagnostic laboratories to test for PI animals, polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by probe hybridization (RT-PCR/probe) of serum samples and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in skin biopsies (IHC), were evaluated for their ability to detect acute BVDV infections. Sixteen colostrum-deprived, BVDV-free, and BVDV-antibody-free calves were infected with 6 different BVDV strains. Clinical signs, seroconversion, and virus isolation indicated that inoculated animals did replicate virus. Virus could be detected in 19% (3/16) of acutely infected animals by the RT-PCR/probe technique. No acutely infected animals were positive by IHC.

scholarly journals Antigenic characterisation of lyssaviruses in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Ngoepe ◽  
Christine Fehlner-Gardiner ◽  
Alex Wandeler ◽  
Claude Sabeta
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Antigenic Reactivity ◽  
Mokola Virus

There are at least six Lyssavirus species that have been isolated in Africa, which include classical rabies virus, Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Shimoni bat virus and Ikoma lyssavirus. In this retrospective study, an analysis of the antigenic reactivity patterns of lyssaviruses in South Africa against a panel of 15 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was undertaken. A total of 624 brain specimens, collected between 2005 and 2009, confirmed as containing lyssavirus antigen by direct fluorescent antibody test, were subjected to antigenic differentiation. The lyssaviruses were differentiated into two species, namely rabies virus (99.5%) and Mokola virus (0.5%). Furthermore, rabies virus was further delineated into two common rabies biotypes in South Africa: canid and mongoose. Initially, it was found that the canid rabies biotype had two reactivity patterns; differential staining was observed with just one monoclonal antibody. This difference was likely to have been an artefact related to sample quality, as passage in cell culture restored staining. Mongoose rabies viruses were more heterogeneous, with seven antigenic reactivity patterns detected. Although Mokola viruses were identified in this study, prevalence and reservoir host species are yet to be established. These data demonstrate the usefulness of monoclonal antibody typing panels in lyssavirus surveillance with reference to emergence of new species or spread of rabies biotypes to new geographic zones.

scholarly journals Detection of multiple strains of rabies virus RNA using primers designed to target Mexican vampire bat variants

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LOZA-RUBIO ◽  
E. ROJAS-ANAYA ◽  
V. M. BANDA-RUÍZ ◽  
S. A. NADIN-DAVIS ◽  
B. CORTEZ-GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Vampire Bat

A reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), that uses primers specifically designed to amplify a portion of the N gene of vampire bat strains of rabies that circulate in Mexico, but also recognizing most of the rabies variants circulating in endemic areas, was established. This standardized PCR assay was able to detect viral RNA in tenfold serial dilutions up to a 107 dilution using stock virus at an original titre of 107·5 LD50. The assay was highly specific for rabies virus. Forty different rabies isolates recovered from different species and geographical regions in the country were diagnosed as positive and negative by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). These same samples were re-examined by both PCR and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Compared with MIT the PCR exhibited an epidemiological sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 91% while its positive predictive value was 96%.

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