scholarly journals Rift Valley fever virus in small ruminants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges M. Tshilenge ◽  
Mfumu L.K Mulumba ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Rob Noad ◽  
William G. Dundon
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the RVF phlebovirus (RVFV) that infects a variety of animal species including sheep and goats. Sera (n = 893) collected between 2013 and 2015 from randomly selected indigenous sheep and goats in seven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were tested for the presence of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) against RVFV, using two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also used to detect RVFV nucleic acid. There was significant variation in true seroprevalence of RVFV for both sheep and goats between the seven provinces investigated. Values ranged from 0.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0–6.55) to 23.81 (95% CI 12.03–41.76) for goat and 0.0 (95% CI 0.0–7.56) to 37.11 (95% CI 15.48–65.94) for sheep, respectively. One serum (1.85%) out of 54 that tested positive for IgG was found to be IgM-positive. This same sample was also positive by RT-PCR indicating an active or recent infection. These findings report the presence of RVFV in small ruminants in the DRC for the first time and indicate variations in exposure to the virus in different parts of the country.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Virus Activity of Rift Valley Fever in Cattle in Eastern Region of Democratic Republic of the Congo

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshilenge M. Georges ◽  
Masumu Justin ◽  
Mbao Victor ◽  
Kayembe Jean Marie ◽  
Rweyemamu Mark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
South Kivu ◽  
North Kivu

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease that is characterized by periodic and severe outbreaks in humans and animals. Published information on the occurrence of RVF in domestic animals is very scarce in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). To assess possible circulation of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in cattle in the eastern province of DRC, 450 sera collected from cattle in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri provinces were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for the detection of viral Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for detection of viral RVF RNA. A cumulative anti-RVF IgG prevalence of 6.22% (95% CI 4.25–8.97) was recorded from the three provinces sampled. In North Kivu and Ituri provinces the anti-RVF IgG prevalence was 12.67% [95% CI 7.80–19.07] and 6% [95% CI 2.78–11.08], respectively, while all the sera collected from South Kivu province were negative for anti-RVF IgG antibodies. Anti-RVF IgM prevalence of 1.8% was obtained among sampled animals in the three provinces. None of the positive anti-RVF IgM samples (n=8) was positive for viral RVFV RNA using RT-PCR. Our findings suggest that RVFV is widely distributed among cattle in eastern province of DRC particularly in North Kivu and Ituri provinces although the epidemiological factors supporting this virus circulation remain unknown in these areas.

Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever virus in cattle in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Mbuyi Tshilenge ◽  
William G. Dundon ◽  
Marco De Nardi ◽  
Leopold K. Mulumba Mfumu ◽  
Mark Rweyemamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

scholarly journals Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deo B. Ndumu ◽  
Barnabas Bakamutumaho ◽  
Edward Miller ◽  
Jesca Nakayima ◽  
Robert Downing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Domestic Ruminant ◽  
The South ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
The Western Region

Abstract Background Prior to the first recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Uganda, in March 2016, earlier studies done until the 1970’s indicated the presence of the RVF virus (RVFV) in the country, without any recorded outbreaks in either man or animals. While severe outbreaks of RVF occurred in the neighboring countries, none were reported in Uganda despite forecasts that placed some parts of Uganda at similar risk. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) undertook studies to determine the RVF sero-prevalence in risk prone areas. Three datasets from cattle sheep and goats were obtained; one from retrospective samples collected in 2010–2011 from the northern region; the second from the western region in 2013 while the third was from a cross-sectional survey done in 2016 in the south-western region. Laboratory analysis involved the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, including non-parametric chi-square tests for comparisons between districts and species in the regions. Results During the Yellow Fever outbreak investigation of 2010–2011 in the northern region, a total sero-prevalence of 6.7% was obtained for anti RVFV reacting antibodies (IgG and IgM) among the domestic ruminant population. The 2013 sero-survey in the western region showed a prevalence of 18.6% in cattle and 2.3% in small ruminants. The 2016 sero-survey in the districts of Kabale, Kanungu, Kasese, Kisoro and Rubirizi, in the south-western region, had the respective district RVF sero-prevalence of 16.0, 2.1, 0.8, 15.1and 2.7% among the domestic ruminants combined for this region; bovines exhibited the highest cumulative sero-prevalence of 15.2%, compared to 5.3 and 4.0% respectively for sheep and goats per species for the region. Conclusions The absence of apparent outbreaks in Uganda, despite neighboring enzootic areas, having minimal restrictions to the exchange of livestock and their products across borders, suggest an unexpected RVF activity in the study areas that needs to be unraveled. Therefore, more in-depth studies are planned to mitigate the risk of an overt RVF outbreak in humans and animals as has occurred in neighboring countries.

scholarly journals Investigation of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection Serologically and Pathologically in Aborted Cattle, Sheep, Goats and in Fetuses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mehmet Kale ◽  
Sibel Hasircioglu ◽  
Özlem Özmen ◽  
Nuri Mamak ◽  
Sibel Gür ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats

In this study, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) infection was searched serologically and pathologically in cattle (178 Holstein), sheep (160 native), goats (66 ordinary goats, 98 Honamli goats, 16 Saanen goats) with an abortion history and in unborn cattle (8), sheep (24) and goat (5) fetus. Samples were collected between July 2009 and September 2010. As a result of studying specific antibodies to RVFV by using the c-ELISA method in blood serum samples collected from cattle, sheep and goats suffering abortion, seropositivity was identified in 7 cattle (7/178; 3.93%), 4 sheep (4/160;2.50%) and 18 goats (18/180;10.0%). 18 seropositive goats were distributed according to race as 13 ordinary goats (19.70%), 2 Honamli goats (2.04%) and 3 Saanen goats (18.75%). When liver, spleen and brain samples of the unborn fetus of cattle, sheep and goats were studied histopathologically, no pathological findings on RVFV disease were obtained. Consequently, in this study, where RVFV infection in cattle, sheep and goats raised in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey was serologically revealed, it was concluded that RVFV did not take place in the aetiology of abortion cases in relevant species. 

scholarly journals A Single-Tube RT-PCR Amplification for Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reham W. Salim ◽  
Khairalla M.S. Khairalla ◽  
Awadalkareem A. Eljamal ◽  
Abdelrahim E. Karrar ◽  
Imadeldin E. Aradaib
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Single Tube

scholarly journals Detection of the Northeastern African Rift Valley Fever Virus Lineage During the 2015 Outbreak in Mauritania

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndeye Sakha Bob ◽  
Hampâté Bâ ◽  
Gamou Fall ◽  
Elkhalil Ishagh ◽  
Mamadou Y. Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Abstract Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute viral anthropozoonosis that causes epizootics and epidemics among livestock population and humans. Multiple emergences and reemergences of the virus have occurred in Mauritania over the last decade. This article describes the outbreak that occurred in 2015 in Mauritania and reports the results of serological and molecular investigations of blood samples collected from suspected RVF patients. Methods An RVF outbreak was reported from 14 September to 26 November 2015 in Mauritania. Overall, 184 suspected cases from different localities were identified by 26 health facilities. Blood samples were collected and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD). Sequencing of partial genomes and phylogenetic analyses were performed on RT-PCR–positive samples. As part of routine surveillance at IPD, samples were also screened for dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses by ELISA and RT-PCR. Results Of the 184 suspected cases, there were 57 confirmed cases and 12 deaths. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences indicated an emergence of a virus that originated from Northeastern Africa. Our results show co-circulation of other arboviruses in Mauritania—dengue, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and West Nile viruses. Conclusion The Northeastern Africa lineage of RVF was responsible for the outbreak in Mauritania in 2015. Co-circulation of multiples arboviruses was detected. This calls for systematic differential diagnosis and highlights the need to strengthen arbovirus surveillance in Africa.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy of ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine against Rift Valley fever in pregnant sheep and goats

npj Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Stedman ◽  
Daniel Wright ◽  
Paul J. Wichgers Schreur ◽  
Madeleine H. A. Clark ◽  
Adrian V. S. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Human Use

Abstract Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that was first discovered in Kenya in 1930 and has since spread to become endemic in much of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Rift Valley fever (RVF) causes recurrent outbreaks of febrile illness associated with high levels of mortality and poor outcomes during pregnancy—including foetal malformations, spontaneous abortion and stillbirths—in livestock, and associated with miscarriage in humans. No vaccines are available for human use and those licensed for veterinary use have potential drawbacks, including residual virulence that may contraindicate their use in pregnancy. To address this gap, we previously developed a simian adenovirus vectored vaccine, ChAdOx1 RVF, that encodes RVFV envelope glycoproteins. ChAdOx1 RVF is fully protective against RVF in non-pregnant livestock and is also under development for human use. Here, we now demonstrate that when administered to pregnant sheep and goats, ChAdOx1 RVF is safe, elicits high titre RVFV neutralizing antibody, and provides protection against viraemia and foetal loss, although this protection is not as robust for the goats. In addition, we provide a description of RVFV challenge in pregnant goats and contrast this to the pathology observed in pregnant sheep. Together, our data further support the ongoing development of ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine for use in livestock and humans.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever virus in sheep and goats in Zambézia, Mozambique

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Lie Blomström ◽  
Isabelle Scharin ◽  
Hedvig Stenberg ◽  
Jaquline Figueiredo ◽  
Ofélia Nhambirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats

scholarly journals Distribution and Molecular Identification of Culex pipiens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus as Potential Vectors of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1334
Author(s):  
Saleh Eifan ◽  
Atif Hanif ◽  
Islam Nour ◽  
Sultan Alqahtani ◽  
Zaki M. Eisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Culex Tritaeniorhynchus

Entomologic investigations were conducted in the Al-Darb, Al-Reath, Al-Aridah, Abuareesh, Al-Ahad, Samttah, Sabyah, Damad and Beash areas by CO2-baited CDC miniature light traps in the Jazan region. Vectors were identified morphologically, as well as COI gene segment amplification and sequencing. The relative abundance (RA%) and pattern of occurrence (C%) were recorded. The presence of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in pooled mosquito samples was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Culex pipiens (C. pipiens) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (C. tritaeniorhynchus) were found with RA% values of 96% and 4%, respectively, in the region. Significant variations in vector population densities were observed in different districts. The C. pipiens was found highly abundant in all districts and RA% value (100%) was recorded in the Al-Darb, Al-Reath, Al-Aridah, Samttah and Damad areas, whereas RA% values (93.75%, 93.33%, 92.30% and 91.66%) were noted in Al-Ahad, Sabyah, Abuareesh and Beash districts, respectively. RA% values for C. tritaeniorhynchus were recorded as 8.33%, 7.70%, 6.66% and 6.25% in Beash, Abuareesh, Sabyah and Al-Ahad areas, respectively. The pattern of occurrence for C. pipiens and C. tritaeniorhynchus was recorded as 100% and 44.4% in the region. Phylogenetic analysis of C. pipiens and C. tritaeniorhynchus exhibited a close relationship with mosquitoes from Kenya and Turkey, respectively. All mosquito samples tested by RT-PCR were found negative for RVFV. In summary, the current study assessed the composition, abundance, distribution of different mosquito vectors and presence of RVFV in different areas of the Jazan region. Our data will help risk assessments of RVFV future re-emergence in the region.

scholarly journals Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus Lineage H from South Africa through Syndromic Sentinel Surveillance Network in Senegal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndeye Sakha Bob ◽  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Moussa Moise Diagne ◽  
Martin Faye ◽  
Marie Henriette Dior Ndione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Valley Fever

Abstract Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes epizootics and epidemics among livestock population and humans. Our surveillance system has revealed multiple emergences and re-emergences of RVFV in West Africa over the last decade. Methods In Senegal a sentinel syndromic surveillance network (4S) has been implemented since 2011. Samples from human suspected arbovirus infection in 4S sentinel sites were sent to Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD) where arbovirus diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation were performed. Overall, IPD has received a total of 1,149 samples from arboviral suspected patients through the 4S network from January to December 2020. These samples were screened for seven arboviruses including RVFV. Whole genome sequencing of positive RVFV samples by RT-PCR were performed using Illumina Miseq platform followed by genome assembly. Phylogenetic analysis were performed using MEGA X. Results Out of the 1,149 arbovirus suspected cases, four RVFV positive samples were detected with RT-PCR while five RVFV positive samples were detected by ELISA. Complete genome sequences were obtained for three strains among the four positive samples by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses indicated an emergence of a virus first described in South Africa during a major outbreak. Conclusion Strong surveillance system allowed the detection of RVFV outbreak in Senegal in 2020. The obtained genomes clustered with strains from South Africa belonging to lineage H. This calls for an implementation of a strong surveillance system in wild animals, humans, and livestock simultaneously in all African Countrries.

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