scholarly journals A new paradigm in facial reanimation for long-standing palsies?

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (01) ◽  
pp. 030-037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev B. Ahuja ◽  
Pallab Chatterjee ◽  
Rajat Gupta ◽  
Prabhat Shrivastava ◽  
Gaurav K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Facial Palsy ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Denervated Muscle ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Facial Reanimation ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Motor End Plates ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Background: A chance observation of return of excellent facial movement, after 18 months following the first stage of cross-face nerve grafting, without free functional muscle transfer, in a case of long-standing facial palsy, lead the senior author (RBA) to further investigate clinically. Patients and Methods: This procedure, now christened as cross-face nerve extension and neurotization, was carried out in 12 patients of very long-standing facial palsy (mean 21 years) in years 1996-2011. The mean patient age and duration of palsy were 30.58 years and 21.08 years, respectively. In patients, 1-5 a single buccal or zygomatic branch served as a donor nerve, but subsequently, we used two donor nerves. The mean follow-up period was 20.75 months. Results: Successive patients had excellent to good return of facial expression with two fair results. Besides improved smile, patients could largely retain air in the mouth without any escape and had improved mastication. No complications were encountered except synkinesis in 1 patient. No additional surgical procedures were performed. Conclusion: There is experimental evidence to suggest that neurotization of a completely denervated muscle can occur by the formation of new ectopic motor end plates. Long-standing denervated muscle fibres eventually atrophy severely but are capable of re-innervation and regeneration, as validated by electron microscopic studies. In spite of several suggestions in the literature to clinically validate functional recovery by direct neurotization, the concept remains anecdotal. Our results substantiate this procedure, and it has the potential to simplify reanimation in longstanding facial palsy. Our work now needs validation by other investigators in the field of restoring facial animation.

Some Mitochondrial Changes in Denervated Muscle

1968 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
R. MILEDI ◽  
c. R. SLATER
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Denervated Muscle ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Characteristic Picture

An electron-microscopic study was made of the mitochondria in normal and denervated rat diaphragm muscles. Two types of structurally different muscle fibres were found: one type had a well-defined M-line, while the other did not. The mitochondria in normally innervated muscle are regularly arranged at both sides of the Z-line. The mitochondria are very long and branched, and surround the myofibrils at the level of the Z-line. In transverse sections of the muscle fibres the worm-like mitochondria give a very characteristic picture. After denervation the mitochondria are smaller and less regularly arranged. In transverse sections of the muscle fibres the mitochondria have small circular profiles. This contrasts sharply with the normal appearance and makes it possible to distinguish normal from denervated fibres. The mitochondrial changes can be detected less than 24 h after denervation.

Electron-microscopic structure of denervated skeletal muscle

1969 ◽  
Vol 174 (1035) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Denervated Muscle ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Myosin Filaments ◽  
Filament Spacing

(1) An electron-microscopic study was made of normal and denervated muscle fibres in the rat diaphragm. (2) Early after denervation muscle fibres become hypertrophic. The cross-sectional area of the fibres and the number of myofibrils within them are increased. Since filament spacing is not significantly altered, it is concluded that during hypertrophy the number of actin and myosin filaments is increased. (3) A few weeks after denervation the muscle fibres are greatly reduced in size. This atrophy is mainly a consequence of two processes: fragmentation of the muscle fibre, with subsequent degeneration of the fragments; and disintegration of myofilaments.

Production of alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones by pituitary somatotroph adenomas in vitro

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kontogeorgos ◽  
Sylvia L Asa ◽  
Kalman Kovacs ◽  
Harley S Smyth ◽  
William Singer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Alpha Subunit ◽  
Glycoprotein Hormones ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Baseline Levels

Somatotroph adenomas of the pituitary secrete growth hormone in excess and are associated with acromegaly. Morphologically, they can be separated into two entities, densely and sparsely granulated variants. It has been shown that a number of somatotroph adenomas produce α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones; however, it is not clear whether α-subunit production correlates with tumor cell morphology. We studied 32 surgically removed pituitary somatotroph adenomas in tissue culture to determine structure-function correlations of growth hormone and α-subunit production. All tumors were classified on the basis of detailed histological, immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic studies. Fifteen tumors were densely granulated and 1 7 were sparsely granulated. In addition to growth hormone, all 15 densely granulated tumors released α-subunit in vitro, whereas of the 1 7 sparsely granulated tumors only 4 released α-subunit moreover, the mean baseline levels of α-subunit were significantly higher in densely granulated adenomas than in sparsely granulated adenomas. Parallel response of release of both hormones was found during stimulation with growth hormone-releasing hormone or thyrotropin-releasing hormone and during suppression with somatostatin or bromocriptine in densely granulated tumors. α-subunit response to stimulation or suppression could not be determined with significance in sparsely granulated tumors because of low basal levels. The results indicate that α-subunit production and release is characteristic of densely granulated somatotroph adenomas and that α-subunit is coregulated with growth hormone by adenohypophysiotropic substances; in contrast, α-subunit production by sparsely granulated somatotroph adenomas is rare and, when present, much lower in quantity. Our studies confirm that densely and sparsely granulated somatotroph adenomas represent separate entities.

Electron microscopic studies on ultrathin frozen sections of lactating mouse mammary gland

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
Jan Zarzycki ◽  
Joseph Szroeder
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections

The mammary gland ultrastructure in various functional states is the object of our investigations. The material prepared for electron microscopic examination by the conventional chemical methods has several limitations, the most important are the protein denaturation processes and the loss of large amounts of chemical constituents from the cells. In relevance to this,one can't be sure about a degree the observed images are adequate to the realy ultrastructure of a living cell. To avoid the disadvantages of the chemical preparation methods,some autors worked out alternative physical methods based on tissue freezing / freeze-drying, freeze-substitution, freeze-eatching techniqs/; actually the technique of cryoultraraicrotomy,i,e.cutting ultrathin sections from deep frozen specimens is assented as a complete alternative method. According to the limitations of the routine plastic embbeding methods we were interested to analize the mammary gland ultrastructure during lactation by the cryoultramicrotomy method.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

Electron Microscopic identification of Pre-B Lymphocytes in the Bone Marrow of a Patient with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemic in Blast Crisis

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
T. Mullin ◽  
G. Yee ◽  
M. Aheam ◽  
J. Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Blast Crisis ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Transformation Theory ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Sensitivity ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Hematopoietic Precursor ◽  
Lymphoblastic Transformation ◽  
B Lineage

There have been numerous reports in the current literature suggesting that hematopoietic precursor cells in some human chronic myelocytic leukemias (CML) undergo lymphoblastic transformation at the time of the acute blast crisis (BC) stage. The primary evidence offered in support of this transformation theory--lymphoblastic appearing morphology, increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity, and chemotherapeutic sensitivity to vincristine and prednisone--has been indirect, however, since these features may occur in nonlymphoid cells. More direct support for the Pre-B lineage of these cells has recently been provided by immunofluorescent light microscopic studies demonstrating the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin M (IgM) in these CML-BC cells.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

Novel methods for demonstrating osseointegration of hydroxylapatite-coated titanium hip prostheses

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 34-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Frayssinet ◽  
J. Hanker ◽  
D. Hardy ◽  
B. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Hip Prosthesis ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hip Prostheses ◽  
Cellular Inclusions ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Diamond Saw ◽  
Plasma Sprayed

Prostheses implanted in hard tissues cannot be processed for electron microscopic examination or microanalysis in the same way as those in other tissues. For these reasons, we have developed methods allowing light and electron microscopic studies as well as microanalysis of the interface between bone and a metal biomaterial coated by plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite(HA) ceramic.An HA-coated titanium hip prosthesis (Corail, Landos, France), which had been implanted for two years, was removed after death (unrelated to the orthopaedic problem). After fixation it was dehydrated in solutions of increasing ethanol concentration prior to embedment in polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA). Transverse femur sections were obtained with a diamond saw and the sections then carefully ground to a thickness of 200 microns. Plastic-embedded sections were stained for calcium with a silver methenamine modification of the von Kossa method for calcium staining and coated by carbon. They have been examined by back-scatter SEM on an ISI-SS60 operated at 25 KV. EDAX has been done on cellular inclusions and extracellular bone matrix.

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