Emerging Technologies: Challenges for Health Care and Environmental Ethics and Rights in an Era of Globalisation

Author(s):  
Thomas Alured Faunce
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Richie

Van Rensselaer Potter riteneva che fossimo giunti ad un punto in cui “la conoscenza si accumula più velocemente della saggezza per gestirla”. Ciò è certamente vero per la tecnologia medica, ma si riferisce anche ai cambiamenti climatici. Sappiamo, per esempio, che l’inquinamento atmosferico è oggigiorno il più grande rischio per la salute ambientale del mondo. Eppure la nostra società non ha la saggezza di creare strategie per arrestare i cambiamenti climatici, e lasciamo che questi si implementino autonomamente. La bioetica ambientale è una fonte di saggezza che può fornire strategie per affrontare il cambiamento climatico, ossia “una saggezza per gestirlo”. Il presente articolo intende in primo luogo individuare le origini concettuali della “bioetica” all’interno della lunga tradizione della teologia morale cattolica, seguita dal più recente avvento della bioetica all’interno dell’etica secolare. In seguito, si analizzeranno in dettaglio i due filoni fondamentali della bioetica attuale a partire dal 1970: la bioetica ambientale e il “mantra” della Georgetown University. Dopo aver fornito tale sfondo teorico, sarà affrontato il punto cruciale dell’articolo: si tenterà di sintetizzare in tre modelli essenziali, costitutivi della bioetica ambientale, gli innumerevoli dibattiti che avvengono nell’ambito delle tecnologie mediche, dell’assistenza sanitaria e della conservazione ambientale. Li ho chiamati “il modello tecnologico”, “il modello dell’assistenza sanitaria” e “il modello ecologico”. Il mio obiettivo non è tanto quello di sostenere un paradigma piuttosto che un altro. Al contrario, un’adeguata categorizzazione potrebbe portare ad un dialogo più dinamico ed efficace sulla sostenibilità ambientale in ambito medico. L’assistenza sanitaria del XXI secolo sarà definita dagli sforzi per riunire l’ecologia e la bioetica. E, a partire dai distinti approcci all’interazione tra ecologia, assistenza sanitaria e tecnologia, le radici comuni dell’etica ambientale e della bioetica potranno produrre una perfetta cifra per un reale bio-etica (etica della vita). ---------- Van Rensselaer Potter believed that we are at a point where “knowledge is accumulating faster than the wisdom to manage it”. This applies to medical technology, certainly. But it also applies to climate change. We know, for instance, that air pollution is now the world’s largest single environmental health risk. Yet we, as a society, do not have the wisdom to create strategies for halting climate change, let alone implement them. Environmental bioethics is one source of wisdom that can provide strategies for addressing climate change, that is, “the wisdom to manage it”. This article will first locate the conceptual origins of “bioethics” within the long tradition of Catholic moral theology, followed by the more recent advent of bioethics within secular ethics. Then, I will detail the two basic strands of modern bioethics since the 1970’s: environmental bioethics and the Georgetown mantra. After this background has been provided, the crux of my article will be put forth. I will synthesize the many conversations occurring within medical technologies, health care, and environmental conservation into three basic models constitutive of environmental bioethics. I have named these “the technology model”, “the health care model” and “the ecology model”. My objective is not to advance one paradigm over another. Rather, categorizing should lead to a more dynamic and effective conversation on environmental sustainability in the medical industry. Efforts at reuniting ecology and bioethics will be a defining feature of health care in the 21st century. And, with variegated approaches to the interplay between ecology, health care, and technology, the common roots of environmental ethics and bioethics can produce a seamless garment for a truly bio (life) ethic.


Author(s):  
John Basl

The primary aim of this work has been to show that biocentrism is false by developing the strongest, most plausible version of the view and then exposing it to new criticisms, criticisms that are not susceptible to the standard biocentrist responses. The conclusion takes up the broader implications of the death of the ethic of life in four domains: environmental ethics and environmental practice, medicine and medical ethics, emerging technologies, and within philosophy more broadly. Given the webs of interdependence in nature, it argues that not much hangs, in terms of policy, on the fact that biocentrism or teleocentrism is false, but there are edge cases: cases where, for example, we might be thought to have an obligation to restore specific species or make reparations for past environmental wrongdoing, where the answer to questions about moral considerability matters.


2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonor Varela-Lema ◽  
Ramón De La Fuente-Cid ◽  
Marisa López-García

Objectives: Selecting technologies for formal assessment poses a great challenge to health technology assessment agencies. This study aims to contribute to the creation of a reference framework for the identification, filtering, and prioritization of new and emerging technologies which could be demanded in clinical practice within the next 1–2 years.Methods: Technologies were identified using a prevalidated systematic Medline strategy. They were classified by medical specialty and then sent to selected professionals belonging to the medical units or areas responsible for their application, until there was a minimum of three participants per health care setting. A self-administered questionnaire was drawn up and health professionals were asked to: (1) assess the degree of innovation of the technologies, and (11) score their foreseeable clinical impact on the basis of predefined prioritization criteria (n = 4). Intra-rater reliability was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results: The Medline search yielded 246 potentially relevant technologies. When analyzed by health care area or unit, sixty-eight were deemed to be high-impact innovative technologies (median score >6), with ICCs ranging from 0.03 to 0.83. The final list resulting from the aggregate analysis comprised fifty-one technologies.Conclusions: This study constitutes an innovative contribution to horizon scanning, providing a systematic and reproducible basis for the identification and selection of relevant new and emerging technologies based on the views and values of health professionals involved in their use. In our opinion, the current proposal could be helpful and useful to many other organizations worldwide, serving to complement already existing strategies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Xie ◽  
Jiayao Zhang ◽  
Honglin Wang ◽  
Pengran Liu ◽  
Songxiang Liu ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND As a distributed technology, blockchain has attracted increasing attention from stakeholders in the medical industry. Although previous studies have analyzed blockchain applications from the perspectives of technology, business, or patient care, few studies have focused on actual use-case scenarios of blockchain in health care. In particular, the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to some new ideas for the application of blockchain in medical practice. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the current and projected uses of blockchain technology in health care, as well as directions for future research. In addition to the framework structure of blockchain and application scenarios, its integration with other emerging technologies in health care is discussed. METHODS We searched databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, IEEE, and Springer using a combination of terms related to blockchain and health care. Potentially relevant papers were then compared to determine their relevance and reviewed independently for inclusion. Through a literature review, we summarize the key medical scenarios using blockchain technology. RESULTS We found a total of 1647 relevant studies, 60 of which were unique studies that were included in this review. These studies report a variety of uses for blockchain and their emphasis differs. According to the different technical characteristics and application scenarios of blockchain, we summarize some medical scenarios closely related to blockchain from the perspective of technical classification. Moreover, potential challenges are mentioned, including the confidentiality of privacy, the efficiency of the system, security issues, and regulatory policy. CONCLUSIONS Blockchain technology can improve health care services in a decentralized, tamper-proof, transparent, and secure manner. With the development of this technology and its integration with other emerging technologies, blockchain has the potential to offer long-term benefits. Not only can it be a mechanism to secure electronic health records, but blockchain also provides a powerful tool that can empower users to control their own health data, enabling a foolproof health data history and establishing medical responsibility.


Author(s):  
Joan McGregor

Emerging technologies are hyped as ‘transformative’ by their proponents, who prophesize that these new technologies will significantly and beneficially change our world. Concerns have been raised about the potential environmental impacts of these technologies. Emerging technologies and their implications on humans, society, and the environment challenge our understanding of our responsibilities to the environment and future generations. Utilizing Van Potter’s sense of bioethics that meant the normative study of humanity’s place in the biosphere, I attempt to reintegrate bioethics and environmental ethics, to address questions about human well-being in the future, its dependence on complex environmental systems, and the impact of emerging technologies particularly enhancement technologies upon it. Ultimately, I argue that the future envisioned by proponents of human enhancement technologies is not consistent with our responsibilities to future generations which including leaving certain amounts of natural capital, including human ones.


2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Portnoy ◽  
Aarti Pandya ◽  
Morgan Waller ◽  
Tania Elliott

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