Acute ecotoxicity on Daphnia magna to evaluate effluent samples of Kraft pulp mill treated by UV/H2O2 process

The pulp and paper industry is one of world’s largest water consumers, generating high volumes of effluents. The Kraft process produces effluents with high BOD, COD, suspended solids, lignin and a myriad of potentially toxic compounds, which require treatment before discharge into the aquatic environment. Advanced oxidation processes, such as UV/H2O2, have been applied as treatment alternatives because they can destroy many compounds before they mineralize. However, when the oxidation process is incomplete, occurs could be produced by products with high toxicity. This study evaluated the acute toxicity on Daphnia magna of two effluent samples of Kraft pulp mill (KE1 and KE2) treated by UV/H2O2 process. The effects of the pH variation and oxidant concentration on the removal of DOC, total UV-vis spectral area and apparent color were considered to adjust the experiments’ conditions with diluted effluent KE1. Both samples were treated at pH 4.0 and 70 mg L-1 of H2O2 for 40 min, achieving removals of up to 69.4% in apparent color, 73.7% of phenolic compounds and 68.9% of lignin compounds. When the reaction was applied in undiluted effluent samples, the acute toxicity for Daphnia magna decreased for KE1 after 780 min of treatment, whereas KE2 became four times more toxic. The data showed that although the treatment had been efficient considering physics and chemicals parameters, it is necessary follow the oxidative processes with ecotoxicological bioassays to guarantee their safety, since different effluents of the Kraft pulp mill could present different levels of organic compound mineralization.

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Bioassay Procedures to Evaluate Acute Toxicity of Neutralized Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent to Pacific Salmon

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f73-247 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 1565-1573 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

John C. Davis ◽

Barbara J. Mason

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Static Tests ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Bleached Kraft Pulp

A series of bioassays was carried out to assess the acute toxicity of neutralized, filtered, bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) from a single mill to underyearling Pacific salmon in fresh soft water, at 10–13 C. Toxicity expressed in terms of the 96-hr LC50 varied from 22% of full strength BKME to nontoxic in different collections. A procedure is described for estimating the 4-day LC50 from geometric mean survival time data. Toxicity of effluents changed unpredictably with storage (even at 2 C), and declined with air stripping. Comparison of continuous flow and static test procedures indicated that continuous flow procedures yield somewhat higher toxicity results than static tests. Experiments with varying fish densities indicate that measurable toxicity is less in static tests with heavy fish loading. Use of loading densities of 2.5 liters/g fish or better is recommended. Young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) appeared most sensitive, and pink (O. gorbuscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon somewhat more resistant to toxic BKME solutions. No correlation was found between time to death and condition factor in the size range of underyearling coho tested (3.0–7.3 cm). Recommendations are made for routine and regulatory bioassay procedures.

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Determination of sublethal effects of the Kraft pulp mill effluent over feeding behavior by Daphnia magna

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.237 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 229 ◽

pp. S58-S59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Soledad Chamorro ◽

Gladys Vidal

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Kraft Pulp ◽

Sublethal Effects ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill

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Implications of converting a kraft pulp mill to a dissolving pulp operation with a hemicellulose extraction stage

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj12.2.29 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 29-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

ENRIQUE MATEOS-ESPEJEL ◽

THEODORE RADIOTIS ◽

NACEUR JEMAA

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Dissolving Pulp ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Pulp Mills ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Efficiency Measures ◽

Recovery Boiler

Global demand for dissolving pulp has been increasing at a remarkable pace over the last few years. A shortage in cotton and the expansion of the textile, hygiene, and health product markets are behind this booming demand. The Canadian pulp and paper industry has entered these markets by converting several paper-grade pulp mills to dissolving pulp producers. In the kraft process, part of the hemicellulose remains with the pulp after cooking and the rest is burnt in the recovery boiler to produce energy. In dissolving pulp mills, most of the hemicellulose must be removed from the wood chips in a pre-hydrolysis stage before pulping. Hemicellulose hydrolysis and its subsequent extraction will affect energy and chemical balances. In addition, the new operation will require large capital expenditures. The objective of this work was to study the conversion of a kraft pulp mill to a dissolving pulp operation and the extraction of hemicelluloses from the process. The effects of hemicellulose extraction on mill energy balance, equipment requirements, and new operating conditions were analyzed. Computer simulations of the process and thermal pinch analysis were used. The existing bottlenecks (digesters, lime kiln, and recovery boiler) to increasing the dissolving pulp production capacity were identified before and after the conversion. In addition, energy efficiency measures were identified to decrease the energy consumption of the new process.

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Formation and degradation of mutagens in kraft pulp mill water systems

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-1990-05-03-p142-147 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 142-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Annika Smeds ◽

Bjarne Holmbom ◽

Åbo Akademi ◽

Leena Tikkanen

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Water Systems ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill

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The manufacture of sulfur-free alkali in a kraft pulp mill

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-1990-05-03-p126-133 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 126-133

Author(s):

Per Ulmgren ◽

Rolf Lindstrom

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Free Alkali ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill

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The removal of aluminum from the recovery system of a closed kraft pulp mill

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-1987-02-01-p004-009 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 4-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Per Ulmgren

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Recovery System

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Occurrence of Various Off-Flavours in Fish in Finland from 1969 to 1981

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1983.0129 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 15 (6-7) ◽

pp. 47-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T Kuusi ◽

M Suihko

Keyword(s):

Research Laboratory ◽

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Northern Pike ◽

Research Centre ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Technical Research ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Food Research ◽

Numerical Scale

Off-flavours in fish were studied from 1969 to 1981 at the Food Research Laboratory of the Technical Research Centre of Finland using sensory methods. In all, 1982 samples of 18 species of Finnish fish, most of them suspected of being tainted, were studied. A trained taste panel scoring on a numerical scale of 0-10, where a score of 5 or less was unacceptable, was used. The off-flavours described were oil, kraft pulp mill effluent, sewage (musty), muddy, rancid, and others. Of all these samples, 34.9% were unacceptable. The most common off-flavour was kraft pulp mill effluent, present in 41.2 % of the unacceptable samples. In acceptable fish slight off-flavours were somet imes found. Of the muddy fish, only 35.2 % of the bream and 28.8 % of the northern pike were unacceptable. The panel was able to discriminate between the different off-flavours, but, in some cases, the boundaries were vague.

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Characterization of odorous compounds from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0396 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B. G. Brownlee ◽

S. L. Kenefick ◽

G. A. MacInnis ◽

S. E. Hrudey

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Dimethyl Disulfide ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽

Methyl Phenyl Sulfide ◽

Library Spectrum

Odour compounds in extracts of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) have been characterized by olfactory gas chromatography (OGC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A variety of sulfury odours was detected by OGC in addition to woody and pulp mill-like odours. Three sulfur compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and partial mass spectra with authentic standards: dimethyl disulfide, 3-methylthiophene and thioanisole (methyl phenyl sulfide). Typical concentrations in BKME were 1, 0.05, and 0.5 μg/l, respectively. Their odour intensity is relatively low and they were not detected by OGC. Dimethyl trisulfide was tentatively identified by comparison of its partial mass spectrum with a literature (library) spectrum. Its concentration in BKME was estimated at 0.5-2 μg/l. It corresponded to a skunky odour in the OGC profiles. Efforts to identify another odour peak, eluting just after 3-methylthiophene, with a pronounced alkyl sulfide odour were unsuccessful.

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Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0553 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (2-3) ◽

pp. 339-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. G. Dubé ◽

J. M. Culp

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Growth Responses ◽

High Concentration ◽

Wood Extractives ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽

Low Levels ◽

High Concentrations

Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME) on periphyton and chironomid growth in the Thompson River, British Columbia. Periphyton growth, as determined by increases in chlorophyll a, was significantly stimulated at all effluent concentrations tested (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and, 10.0%). Chironomid growth (individual weight) was also significantly stimulated at low effluent concentrations (≤1.0%). At higher concentrations (5.0% and 10.0%), chironomid growth was inhibited relative to the 1.0% treatment streams. Increases in growth were attributed to the effects of nutrient and organic enrichment from BKPME. The effluent contained high concentrations of phosphorus and appears to be an important source of carbon for benthic insects grazing on the biofilm. In high concentration effluent streams, chironomid growth decreased despite low levels of typical pulp mill contaminants. This suggests that other compounds in the effluent, such as wood extractives, may be inhibiting chironomid growth. These results support findings of field monitoring studies conducted in the Thompson River where changes in periphyton and chironomid abundance occurred downstream of the bleached kraft pulp mill.

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