The Characteristics of Liquid Soap with Additional Variations of Moringa Seed Extract (Moringa oleifera L.)

Soap is a cleaning compound formed from the reaction between fatty acid compounds and alkaline bases. Various types of soap have been circulating in the market, one of which is liquid soap. Liquid soap that has antibacterial abilities is needed by many people. Moringa seed extract is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an active ingredient in making liquid soap because it can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the addition of extracts and to obtain the best extract concentration treatment on physical, chemical, and organoleptic. The addition of moringa seed extract used was administered at 3%, 5%, and 7%. Data analysis was carried out by applying the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with a significant level of 5%. The De Garmo method was used to formulate the best liquid soap recommendation among various treatments. The results showed that the addition of moringa seed extract had a significant effect on the parameters of free alkali content, viscosity, specific gravity, antibacterial activity, and organoleptic. The best recommendation for liquid soap is a soap with a concentration of 7% with specific gravity characteristics of 1.066 g/ml, the viscosity of 1.983 cP, pH value of 10.53, foaming power of 5.63 cm, foam stability of 94.64%, and free alkali content of 0.023%, and the antibacterial ability against S. aureus bacteria (clear zone) was 19.17 mm.

Dendrite-free alkali-metal electrodeposition from contact-ion-pair state induced by mixing alkaline earth cation

Alkali metals, such as lithium and sodium, have been expected to be used for rechargeable metal-anode batteries owing to their low electrode potentials and large capacities. However, the well-known fatal problem, “dendritic growth” causing a dangerous short circuit, is faced while charging the batteries. Here, through a comprehensive study with electrochemical experiments, Raman and soft X-ray emission spectroscopies, density-functional-theory calculation, and molecular dynamic simulations, we provide an advanced guideline for electrolyte design in which a mixture of alkaline earth (Mg, Ca, Ba) salts is used to inhibit dendrite growth of alkali metals (Li, Na) during electrodeposition. Especially, focusing on CaTFSA2, as a salient exemplary alkaline-earth-cation additive, we demonstrate that dendrite-free morphology upon alkali-metal electrodeposition can successfully be attained by modifying their solvation structures in the dual-cation electrolyte systems. Adding divalent Ca2+ promotes alkali cation (Li+ or Na+) to form the contact ion pairs (CIPs) with the counter anions, which replaces the solvent-separated ion pairs (SSIPs) commonly existing in single-cation electrolytes. Such CIPs related to alkali cations would separate Ca2+ ions distantly to shield the strong coulomb interaction among the divalent cations. The stronger binding of the CIPs would retard the desolvation kinetics of alkali cations and, consequently, realizes a severely constrained alkali-metal electrodeposition in a reaction-limited process that is required for the dendrite-free morphology. This work provides prospects to construct dual-cation electrolytes for dendrite-free alkali-metal-anode batteries utilizing the concerted interactions between monovalent and multivalent cations.

Preparation of Zinc Cyanide and Elimination of Free Alkali in Cyanide

Zinc cyanide can be prepared by double decomposition reaction of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide with zinc chloride. Before the preparation of zinc cyanide, it is necessary to remove the free alkali in the raw material sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide. Magnesium chloride is used to remove the free alkali in sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide. The concentration of cyanide ion in potassium cyanide solution under different conditions is measured. The results show that magnesium chloride can not only remove the original free alkali in potassium cyanide, but also promote the hydrolysis of potassium cyanide to produce new free alkali and react with it to form new precipitate. By analyzing the components of the precipitate, it is determined that the main components in the precipitation are Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3. The final conclusion: after the free alkali in cyanide is removed by magnesium chloride, the solution must be quickly put into the double decomposition reaction to reduce the further loss of cyanide ion; In the preparation of zinc cyanide, the adding order needs to be noted: the cyanide aqueous solution must be added into the zinc chloride solution to ensure the excess of zinc chloride.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK MUTU SABUN TRANSPARAN BEKATUL BERAS MERAH (Oryza nivara) BERBAHAN DASAR MINYAK GORENG BEKAS

ABSTRACT The free radicals exposure from daily activities can cause the damage the skin, therefore to avoid this damage effect can use antioxidants compounds . Brown rice bran is rice milling waste which has high antioxidant with IC50 is 43,2349 ppm. Efforts to increase the economic value of rice bran high in antioxidant compounds is by processing rice bran into transparent soap products. This research was conducted to analyze the quality characteristics of transparent red rice bran soap (Oryza nivara) based on used cooking oil. The quality characteristics of transparent rice soap which includes organoleptic soap, pH, foam power, free alkali, and water content. The data were analyzed descriptively by comparing the results of research with SNI 06-3532 -1994 Based on the results of the study obtained the results of the characteristics of soap that meets the quality characteristics of SNI 06-3532-1994 soap requirements with a pH of 10,2 , foam power of 2,54 cm, free alkali of 0,034%, and 3,85% moisture content. Keywords : transparent soap, brown rice bran, used cooking oil, solid soap quality characteristics