A history of lignite coal mining and reclamation practices in Lusatia, eastern Germany

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Krümmelbein ◽  
Oliver Bens ◽  
Thomas Raab ◽  
M. Anne Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Lignite Mining ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lignite Coal ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Krümmelbein, J., Bens, O., Raab, T. and Naeth, M. A. 2012. A history of lignite coal mining and reclamation practices in Lusatia, eastern Germany. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 53–66. Germany is the world's leading lignite coal producer. The region surrounding the towns of Cottbus and Senftenberg in Lusatia, Eastern Germany, is one of the largest mining areas in Germany, and has economically been strongly dependent on lignite mining and lignite processing industries since the middle of the 19th century. We introduce the area, give a brief historical overview of lignite mining techniques and concentrate on post-mining recultivation (reclamation) to agricultural and forestry dominated landscapes. An overview of the physical and chemical limitations for reclamation of the Tertiary and Quaternary substrates due to their natural composition and the technical processes of mine site construction is provided. We introduce some recultivation practices and end with a display of land uses before and after mining and an outlook on the future use of the reclaimed landscape. This review serves as a defined perspective on long-term coal mine reclamation from which to address global similarities and contrasts.

Promoting astronomy in developing countries: an historical perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (SPS5) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kochhar
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Astronomical Instrument

AbstractAny international effort to promote astronomy world wide today must necessarily take into account its cultural and historical component. The past few decades have ushered in an age, which we may call the Age of Cultural Copernicanism. In analogy with the cosmological principle that the universe has no preferred location or direction, Cultural Copernicanism would imply that no cultural or geographical area, or ethnic or social group, can be deemed to constitute a superior entity or a benchmark for judging or evaluating others.In this framework, astronomy (as well as science in general) is perceived as a multi-stage civilizational cumulus where each stage builds on the knowledge gained in the previous stages and in turn leads to the next. This framework however is a recent development. The 19th century historiography consciously projected modern science as a characteristic product of the Western civilization decoupled from and superior to its antecedents, with the implication that all material and ideological benefits arising from modern science were reserved for the West.As a reaction to this, the orientalized East has often tended to view modern science as “their” science, distance itself from its intellectual aspects, and seek to defend, protect and reinvent “our” science and the alleged (anti-science) Eastern mode of thought. This defensive mind-set works against the propagation of modern astronomy in most of the non-Western countries. There is thus a need to construct a history of world astronomy that is truly universal and unselfconscious.Similarly, the planetarium programs, for use the world over, should be culturally sensitive. The IAU can help produce cultural-specific modules. Equipped with this paradigmatic background, we can now address the question of actual means to be adopted for the task at hand. Astronomical activity requires a certain minimum level of industrial activity support. Long-term maintenance of astronomical equipment is not a trivial task. There are any number of examples of an expensive facility falling victim to AIDS: Astronomical Instrument Deficiency Syndrome. The facilities planned in different parts of the world should be commensurate with the absorbing power of the acceptor rather than the level of the gifter.

scholarly journals Fine-tuning citrate synthase flux potentiates and refines metabolic innovation in the Lenski evolution experiment

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik M Quandt ◽  
Jimmy Gollihar ◽  
Zachary D Blount ◽  
Andrew D Ellington ◽  
George Georgiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Glta Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Wave

Evolutionary innovations that enable organisms to colonize new ecological niches are rare compared to gradual evolutionary changes in existing traits. We discovered that key mutations in the gltA gene, which encodes citrate synthase (CS), occurred both before and after Escherichia coli gained the ability to grow aerobically on citrate (Cit+ phenotype) during the Lenski long-term evolution experiment. The first gltA mutation, which increases CS activity by disrupting NADH-inhibition of this enzyme, is beneficial for growth on the acetate and contributed to preserving the rudimentary Cit+ trait from extinction when it first evolved. However, after Cit+ was refined by further mutations, this potentiating gltA mutation became deleterious to fitness. A second wave of beneficial gltA mutations then evolved that reduced CS activity to below the ancestral level. Thus, dynamic reorganization of central metabolism made colonizing this new nutrient niche contingent on both co-opting and overcoming a history of prior adaptation.

Priming-Induced Shift in Synaptic Plasticity in the Rat Hippocampus

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 2024-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
John J. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Crossover Point ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

The activity history of a given neuron has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic input in one prominent model of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity proposed by Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM theory). Because plasticity of synaptic plasticity (i.e., metaplasticity) is similar in concept to aspects of the BCM proposal, we have tested the possibility that a form of metaplasticity induced by a priming stimulation protocol might exhibit BCM-like characteristics. CA1 field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) obtained from rat hippocampal slices were used to monitor synaptic responses before and after conditioning stimuli (3–100 Hz) of the Schaffer collateral inputs. A substantial rightward shift (>5-fold) in the frequency threshold between long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) was observed <1 h after priming. This change in the LTD/P crossover point occurred at both primed and unprimed synaptic pathways. These results provide new support for the existence of a rapid, heterosynaptic, experience-dependent mechanism that is capable of modifying the synaptic plasticity phenomena that are commonly proposed to be important for developmental and learning/memory processes in the brain.

scholarly journals The History of Myringotomy and Grommets

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2S-7S ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rimmer ◽  
Charles E. Giddings ◽  
Neil Weir
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Gold Foil ◽  
Ventilation Tube ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Vinyl Tube ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first recorded myringotomy was in 1649. Astley Cooper presented 2 papers to the Royal Society in 1801, based on his observations that myringotomy could improve hearing. Widespread inappropriate use of the procedure followed, with no benefit to patients; this led to it falling from favor for many decades. Hermann Schwartze reintroduced myringotomy later in the 19th century. It had been realized earlier that the tympanic membrane heals spontaneously, and much experimentation took place in attempting to keep the perforation open. The first described grommet was made of gold foil. Other materials were tried, including Politzer’s attempts with rubber. Armstrong’s vinyl tube effectively reintroduced grommets into current practice last century. There have been many eponymous variants, but the underlying principle of creating a perforation and maintaining it with a ventilation tube has remained unchanged. Recent studies have cast doubt over the long-term benefits of grommet insertion; is this the end of the third era?

Molecular data indicate multiple independent colonizations of former lignite mining areas in Eastern Germany by Epipactis palustris (Orchidaceae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2441-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korinna Esfeld ◽  
I. Hensen ◽  
K. Wesche ◽  
S. S. Jakob ◽  
S. Tischew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Lignite Mining ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Epipactis Palustris

scholarly journals The Neelovs Fond from the State Archive of the Smolensk Region: Russian Public Figures of the 19th Century in the Midst of Rural Everyday Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 995-1006
Author(s):  
Natalia I. Gorskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Body ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes sources in the family fond “The Neelovs” from the State Archive of the Smolensk Region. The main body of documents relates to the history of the 19th century and has not yet been introduced into scientific use. The Neelovs, nobles of the Gzhatsk uezd, who were included in the first part of the genealogical book of the nobles of the Smolensk gubernia, participated in major events of the 19th century on national and regional level. The article is to describe the content of the fond and to assess the information potential of its sources for studying the history of a noble provincial family in the context of Russian history. It establishes that the documents differ in their origin and significance. Recordkeeping documents and those of personal provenance are numerous and informative. Among recordkeeping documents of particular interest are documents of economic nature and the Neelov brothers’ records of service; among sources of personal provenance of most interest are travel notes and epistolary heritage of the family members. There are numerous documents reflecting the Neelov brothers’ life and career, many of which concern well-known Russian professor of the Military Academy and writer N. D. Neelov and the director of the department of agriculture of the Ministry of State Property and Senator D.D. Neelov. The author concludes that the identified sources allow to recreate the history of a rural noble family before and after the abolition of seldom, to study its economic situation, culture, everyday life, and evolution of the social role of nobility in provincial life. The fond content also clarifies socio-economic processes in the midst of peasantry, history and repercussions of the major events of the 19th century: the war of 1812, the Polish uprising of 1831, preparation of the abolition of seldom, activities of the Zemstvo institutions; it helps to connect the history of the family and the history of the country.

scholarly journals New historical data for long-term swordfish ecological studies in the Mediterranean Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5867-5877
Author(s):  
Brian R. MacKenzie ◽  
Teresa Romeo ◽  
Piero Addis ◽  
Pietro Battaglia ◽  
Pierpaolo Consoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trap Fishery ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Management of marine fisheries and ecosystems is constrained by knowledge based on datasets with limited temporal coverage. Many populations and ecosystems were perturbed long before scientific investigations began. This situation is particularly acute for the largest and commercially most valuable species. We hypothesized that historical trap fishery records for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758) could contain catch data and information for other, bycatch species, such as swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758). This species has a long history of exploitation and is presently overexploited, yet indicators of its status (biomass) used in fishery management only start in 1950. Here we examine historical fishery records and logbooks from some of these traps and recovered ca. 110 years of bycatch data (1896–2010). These previously neglected, but now recovered, data include catch dates and amounts in numbers and/or weights (including individual weights) for the time period before and after major expansion of swordfish fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea. New historical datasets such as these could help understand how human activities and natural variability interact to affect the long-term dynamics of this species. The datasets are online and available with open access via three DOIs, as described in the “Data availability” section of the article.

Revolutionary England, 1642-1702

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Covington
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
National Myth ◽  
British Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Revolution

The 17th century is one of the most important periods in England’s history, eliciting highly charged and often ideologically driven debates among scholars. The story of England, as it was told during the 19th century, was central in defining British identity and creating a national myth, known as Whig history, of triumphant progress toward liberty. Not surprisingly, the 20th century revised this history in accordance with contemporary ideologies that included communism, while the 1970s witnessed a further revisionist turn when Conrad Russell, most notably, asserted the contingent nature of the causes leading to the war, in response to the traditional position that emphasized long-term events originating in a division between the crown and an oppositional parliament. This position has, unsurprisingly, been amended in recent years. Meanwhile, another shift has extended the midcentury upheavals to include the “Three Kingdoms” approach, which decenters England in its readings and incorporates Scotland and Ireland into the larger turmoil. But the 17th century was not simply about the Civil War and Interregnum dominated by Cromwell; the Restoration itself was also determined by the events that preceded it, with continuities as well as the more obvious cultural and political shifts blurring the demarcating historical line. And in some respects, the revolution of 1688 served as a culminating answer to the questions raised but never fully resolved by issues earlier in the century. Whether the revolution of 1688 was truly significant or not—and it was certainly once thought to be the crowning achievement of liberty and rights—has itself provoked debate, with James II’s “absolutism” or William III’s victory convincingly modified by historians. So many debates abound, and so many figures are subject to different readings, that it is difficult to fix this period into any stable meaning without lending it heavy qualifications. As a result, it is revealing that an increasingly common subgenre in the field consists of books solely devoted not to the history of these revolutionary years, but to the debates about it—just as the names of historians such as Gardiner, Hill, Stone, or Russell have become inextricably a part of the historical narrative as well. Such debates will continue as long as the 17th century resists clear interpretation—a testament to the dramatic complexity of the time, and to the historians who continue to interpret it.

МОЯ ВСТРЕЧА С МАРИНОЙ МИХАЙЛОВНОЙ ГРОМЫКО

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
Зосима Верховская
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация. Воспоминания монахини Зосимы (Верховской) о М. М. Громыко касаются обстоятельств обращения автора к семейно-родовым преданиям, связанным с подвижником XIX в. монахом Зосимой (Верховским). К этому ее подвигла книга М. М. Громыко «Сибирские знакомые и друзья Ф. М. Достоевского». Знакомство с автором книги перешло в плодотворное, многолетнее научное сотрудничество с Громыко, в написание трудов по истории монастырей, основанных святым. Автор отмечает выдающиеся личные качества М. М. Громыко, позволяющие ей работать по религиозной тематике. Abstract. Memories of nun Zosima (Verkhovskaya) about M.M. Gromyko refer to the circumstances of the author’s appeal to family and clan legends associated with the ascetic of the 19th century monk Zosima (Verkhovsky). To this she was prompted by Gromyko’s book «Siberian acquaintances of F. M. Dostoevsky». Acquaintance with the author of the book turned into fruitful, long-term communication with Gromyko, into writing works on the history of monasteries founded by the saints. The author notes the outstanding personal qualities of M. M. Gromyko, allowing her to work on religious topics.

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