Carbon and nitrogen in the silt-size fraction and its HCl-hydrolysis residues from coarse-textured Canadian boreal forest soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Preston ◽  
Charlotte E. Norris ◽  
Guy M. Bernard ◽  
David W. Beilman ◽  
Sylvie A. Quideau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest

Preston, C. M., Norris, C. E., Bernard, G. M., Beilman, D. W., Quideau, S. A. and Wasylishen, R. E. 2014. Carbon and nitrogen in the silt-size fraction and its HCl-hydrolysis residues from coarse-textured Canadian boreal forest soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 157–168. Improving the capacity to predict changes in soil carbon (C) stocks in the Canadian boreal forest requires better information on the characteristics and age of soil carbon, especially more slowly cycling C in mineral soil. We characterized C in the silt-size fraction, as representative of C stabilized by mineral association, previously isolated in a study of soil profiles of four sandy boreal jack pine sites. Silt-size fraction accounted for 13–31% of the total soil C and 12–51% of the total soil N content. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that silt C was mostly dominated by alkyl and O,N-alkyl C, with low proportions of aryl C in most samples. Thus, despite the importance of fire in this region, there was little evidence of storage of pyrogenic C. We used HCl hydrolysis to isolate the oldest C within the silt-size fraction. Consistent with previous studies, this procedure removed 21–74% of C and 74–93% of N, leaving residues composed mainly of alkyl and aryl C. However, it failed to isolate consistently old C; 11 out of 16 samples had recent 14C ages (fraction of modern 14C > 1), although C-horizon samples were older, with Δ14C from –17 to –476‰. Our results indicate relatively young ages for C associated with the silt-size fractions in these sites, for which mineral soil C storage may be primarily limited by good drainage and coarse soil texture, exacerbated by losses due to periodic wildfire.

Topography Influences Management System Effects on Total Soil Carbon and Nitrogen

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 2059-2067 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Senthilkumar ◽  
A. N. Kravchenko ◽  
G. P. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Management System ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Total Soil

Two new species of Oidiodendron from boreal forest soils

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. A. Morrall
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Nomen Dubium ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest

Oidiodendron periconioides Morrall sp. nov. and O. chlamydosporicum Morrall sp. nov. are described from Canadian boreal forest soils. O. gracile Zhdanova is considered to be a nomen dubium.

scholarly journals Reforestation can sequester two petagrams of carbon in US topsoils in a century

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 2776-2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas E. Nave ◽  
Grant M. Domke ◽  
Kathryn L. Hofmeister ◽  
Umakant Mishra ◽  
Charles H. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Us ◽  
Land Use And Management

Soils are Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool, and their responsiveness to land use and management make them appealing targets for strategies to enhance C sequestration. Numerous studies have identified practices that increase soil C, but their inferences are often based on limited data extrapolated over large areas. Here, we combine 15,000 observations from two national-level databases with remote sensing information to address the impacts of reforestation on the sequestration of C in topsoils (uppermost mineral soil horizons). We quantify C stocks in cultivated, reforesting, and natural forest topsoils; rates of C accumulation in reforesting topsoils; and their contribution to the US forest C sink. Our results indicate that reforestation increases topsoil C storage, and that reforesting lands, currently occupying >500,000 km2 in the United States, will sequester a cumulative 1.3–2.1 Pg C within a century (13–21 Tg C·y−1). Annually, these C gains constitute 10% of the US forest sector C sink and offset 1% of all US greenhouse gas emissions.

Herbage biomass and its relationship to soil carbon under long-term grazing in northern temperate grasslands

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-916
Author(s):  
E.W. Bork ◽  
M.P. Lyseng ◽  
D.B. Hewins ◽  
C.N. Carlyle ◽  
S.X. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Soil C

While northern temperate grasslands are important for supporting beef production, it remains unclear how grassland above- and belowground biomass responds to long-term cattle grazing. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset from 73 grasslands distributed across a broad agro-climatic gradient to quantify grassland shoot, litter, and shallow (top 30 cm) root biomass in areas with and without grazing. Additionally, we relate biomass to soil carbon (C) concentrations. Forb biomass was greater (p < 0.05) in grazed areas, particularly those receiving more rainfall. In contrast, grass and total aboveground herbage biomass did not differ with grazing (total: 2320 kg ha−1 for grazed vs. 2210 kg ha−1 for non-grazed; p > 0.05). Forb crude protein concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) in grazed communities compared with those that were non-grazed. Grasslands subjected to grazing had 56% less litter mass. Root biomass down to 30 cm remained similar between areas with (9090 kg ha−1) and without (7130 kg ha−1) grazing (p > 0.05). Surface mineral soil C concentrations were positively related to peak grassland biomass, particularly total (above + belowground) biomass, and with increasing forb biomass in grazed areas. Finally, total aboveground shoot biomass and soil C concentrations in the top 15 cm of soil were both positively related to the proportion of introduced plant diversity in grazed and non-grazed grasslands. Overall, cattle grazing at moderate stocking rates had minimal impact on peak grassland biomass, including above- and belowground, and a positive contribution exists from introduced plant species to maintaining herbage productivity and soil C.

scholarly journals Continuous and discontinuous variation in ecosystem carbon stocks with elevation across a treeline ecotone

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1615-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. M. Speed ◽  
V. Martinsen ◽  
A. J. Hester ◽  
Ø. Holand ◽  
J. Mulder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Treeline Ecotone ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
C Stock ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forest Line

Abstract. Treelines differentiate vastly contrasting ecosystems: open tundra from closed forest. Treeline advance has implications for the climate system due to the impact of the transition from tundra to forest ecosystem on carbon (C) storage and albedo. Treeline advance has been seen to increase above-ground C stocks as low vegetation is replaced with trees but decrease organic soil C stocks as old carbon is decomposed. However, studies comparing across the treeline typically do not account for elevational variation within the ecotone. Here we sample ecosystem C stocks along an elevational gradient (970 to 1300 m), incorporating a large-scale and long-term livestock grazing experiment, in the southern Norwegian mountains. We investigate whether there are continuous or discontinuous changes in C storage across the treeline ecotone, and whether these are modulated by grazing. We find that vegetation C stock decreases with elevation, with a clear breakpoint between the forest line and treeline above which the vegetation C stock is constant. C stocks in organic surface horizons of the soil were higher above the treeline than in the forest, whereas C stocks in mineral soil horizons are unrelated to elevation. Total ecosystem C stocks also showed a discontinuous elevational pattern, increasing with elevation above the treeline (8 g m−2 per metre increase in elevation), but decreasing with elevation below the forest line (−15 g m−2 per metre increase in elevation), such that ecosystem C storage reaches a minimum between the forest line and treeline. We did not find any effect of short-term (12 years) grazing on the elevational patterns. Our findings demonstrate that patterns of C storage across the treeline are complex, and should be taken account of when estimating ecosystem C storage with shifting treelines.

Changes in carbon storage of broadcast burn plantations over 20 years

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kranabetter ◽  
A M Macadam
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Forest Floors

The extent of carbon (C) storage in forests and the change in C stocks after harvesting are important considerations in the management of greenhouse gases. We measured changes in C storage over time (from postharvest, postburn, year 5, year 10 and year 20) in logging slash, forest floors, mineral soils and planted lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) trees from six prescribed-burn plantations in north central British Columbia. After harvest, site C in these pools averaged 139 Mg ha-1, with approximately equal contributions from mineral soils (0–30 cm), forest floors and logging slash. Together these detrital pools declined by 71 Mg C ha-1, or 51% (28% directly from the broadcast burn, and a further 23% postburn), in the subsequent 20 yr. Postburn decay in logging slash was inferred by reductions in wood density (from 0.40 to 0.34 g cm-3), equal to an average k rate of 0.011 yr-1. Losses in forest floor C, amounting to more than 60% of the initial mass, were immediate and continued to year 5, with no reaccumulation evident by year 20. Mineral soil C concentrations initially fluctuated before declining by 25% through years 10 and 20. Overall, the reductions in C storage were offset by biomass accumulation of lodgepole pine, and we estimate these plantations had become a net sink for C before year 20, although total C storage was still less than postharvest levels. Key words: C sequestration, forest floors; coarse woody debris; soil organic matter

Changes in soil carbon and soil nitrogen after tree clearing in the semi-arid rangelands of Queensland

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Harms ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
A. P. Cramp
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks

Changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks following tree clearing were estimated at 32 rangeland sites in central and southern Queensland by using paired-site sampling. When corrected for soil bulk-density differences at each site, average soil C across all sites decreased after tree clearing by 8.0% for 0–0.3-m soil depth, and by 5.4% for 0–1.0-m depth; there were corresponding declines in soil C of 2.5 and 3.5tha–1, respectively. Mean soil C stocks (excluding surface litter, extractable roots and coarse charcoal) at uncleared sites were 29.5tha–1 for 0–0.3-m soil depth, and 62.5tha–1 for 0–1.0-m depth. Mean soil C stocks (0–0.3m) were 41% of the mean total C for the soil–plant system (soil + litter/woody debris + stand biomass) at uncleared sites. Soil C decline (0–0.3m) accounted for approximately 7% of the average total C lost because of land clearing across all sites. Soil C stocks at uncleared sites were correlated with tree basal area, clay content and soil phosphorus (P) content. Changes in soil C after tree clearing were strongly correlated to initial soil C contents at the uncleared sites, and were associated with particular vegetation groups and soil types. Changes in soil N were strongly correlated with changes in soil C; however, the average change in soil N across all sites was not significant. Given the size of the C and N pools in rangeland soils, the factors that influence soil C and soil N dynamics in rangeland systems need to be better understood for the effective management of C stocks in these soils.

Biochar from sugarcane residues: An overview of its sequestration potential in Sao Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lefebvre ◽  
Jeroen Meersmans ◽  
Guy Kirk ◽  
Adrian Williams
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Soil C Stock

&lt;p&gt;Harvesting sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) produces large quantities of biomass residues. We investigated the potential for converting these residues into biochar (recalcitrant carbon rich material) for soil carbon (C) sequestration. We modified a version of the RothC soil carbon model to follow changes in soil C stocks considering different amounts of fresh sugarcane residues and biochar (including recalcitrant and labile biochar fractions). We used Sao Paulo State (Brazil) as a case study due to its large sugarcane production and associated soil C sequestration potential.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mechanical harvesting of sugarcane fields leaves behind &gt; 10 t dry matter of trash (leaves) ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Although trash blanketing increases soil fertility, an excessive amount is detrimental and reduces the subsequent crop yield. After the optimal trash blanketing amount, sugarcane cultivation still produces 5.9 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; of excess trash and bagasse (processing residues) which are available for subsequent use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The available residues could produce 2.5 t of slow-pyrolysis (550&amp;#176;C) biochar C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The model predicts this could increase sugarcane field soil C stock on average by 2.4 &amp;#177; 0.4 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt;, after accounting for the climate and soil type variability across the State. Comparing different scenarios, we found that applying fresh residues into the field results in a smaller increase in soil C stock compared to the biochar because the soil C approaches a new equilibrium. For instance, adding 1.2 t of biochar C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; along with 3.2 t of fresh residue C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1 &lt;/sup&gt;increased the soil C stock by 1.8 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1 &lt;/sup&gt;after 10 years of repeated applications. In contrast, adding 0.62 t of biochar C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; with 4.5 t of fresh sugarcane residues C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1 &lt;/sup&gt;increased the soil carbon soil stock by 1.4 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8209;1&lt;/sup&gt; after 10 years of application. These are reductions 25% and 40% of the potential soil C accumulation rates compared with applying available residues as biochar.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We also tested the sensitivity of the model to biochar-induced positive priming (i.e. increased mineralization of soil organic C) using published values. This showed that the C sequestration balance remains positive over the long term, even considering an extremely high positive-priming factor. Upscaling our results to the total 5 Mha of sugarcane in Sao Paulo State, biochar application could sequester up to 50 Mt of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; equivalent per year, representing 31% of the emissions attributed to the State in 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study provides first insights into the sequestration potential of biochar application on sugarcane fields. Measurements of changes in soil C stocks in sugarcane field experiments are needed to further validate the model, and the emissions to implement the practice at large scale need to be taken into account. As the climate crisis grows, the need for greenhouse gas removal technologies becomes crucial. Assessing the net effectiveness of readily available technologies is essential to guide policy makers.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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