SOME PODZOL SOILS OF ALBERTA

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Mixed Layering ◽  
Podzol Soils

Recent exploratory surveys in the northern sections of Alberta revealed many soils morphologically similar to podzols. A laboratory study was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the genesis and morphology of these soils.Chemical analyses showed the percentage base saturation and pH to be higher than for typical podzols.Physical analyses showed slight increases in clay content in the B horizons and decreases in the A horizons when compared to the parent material.From mineralogical studies of the profiles, the following weathering sequences were established: feldspars>quartz; chlorite>biotite>muscovite; [Formula: see text]. X-ray diffraction data showed illite, montmorillonite-illite mixed layering, montmorillonite, and kaolinite as being the principal clay minerals present in the A and C horizons. The clay mineral components of the B horizons were primarily chlorite-like with lesser amounts of kaolinite. Analyses indicated that the chlorite-like mineral lacked properties attributed to well crystallized chlorites and provided strong evidence in favour of authigenic origin.Data obtained in this study showed the genesis of these soils to be somewhat different from that reported for podzols elsewhere although the process of formation evidently was primarily chemical.

Clay Mineral Alteration in Oil and Gas Fields: Integrated Analyses of Surface Expression, Soil Spectra, and X-Ray Diffraction Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251
Author(s):  
Tri Muji Susantoro ◽  
Asep Saepuloh ◽  
Fitriani Agustin ◽  
Ketut Wikantika ◽  
Agus Handoyo Harsolumakso
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Mineral Alteration ◽  
Gas Fields

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis using clay mineral standards extracted from the samples to be analysed

Clay Minerals ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Differential Settling

AbstractIn the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of a series of samples, the problems arising from the variable compositions and degrees of crystallinity of clay minerals were overcome to a great extent by the use of standards extracted from the samples. Procedures are given for separation of the montmorillonite standard by differential settling of Na-montmorillonite solvated in an ethanol solution and for isolation of the kaolinite, mica, and chlorite standards by density separation of their Na-forms in thallous formate.Calibration curves were prepared from the X-ray diffractograms obtained for series of known mixtures of Ca-forms of the standards and the internal standard boehmite using both powder and smear-oriented mounting techniques.

Corrigendum - Transformations of clay minerals in black earth and red loams of basaltic origin.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
JA Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Partial Decomposition ◽  
Red Soils ◽  
Eastern Australia

The development in the Toowoomba area, Queensland, of red, black, and transitional soil types from basalt is typical of similar processes in many parts of eastern Australia. Systematic samples from this area have been investigated mineralogically by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and other methods. Montmorillonite appears to be the clay mineral first formed under present weathering conditions. The further transition to red soils in certain situations is due to partial decomposition of montmorillonite to minerals of the kaolin group by loss of alkalis and iron, the latter being stabilized in the upper horizons as hydrated oxides. Further decomposition of kaolin minerals produces gibbsite. Changes in the nature and amount of clay minerals are thought to correspond with stages in the evolution of basalt soil types.

Transformations of clay minerals in black earth and red loams of basaltic origin.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
JA Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Partial Decomposition ◽  
Red Soils ◽  
Eastern Australia

The development in the Toowoomba area, Queensland, of red, black, and transitional soil types from basalt is typical of similar processes in many parts of eastern Australia. Systematic samples from this area have been investigated mineralogically by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and other methods. Montmorillonite appears to be the clay mineral first formed under present weathering conditions. The further transition to red soils in certain situations is due to partial decomposition of montmorillonite to minerals of the kaolin group by loss of alkalis and iron, the latter being stabilized in the upper horizons as hydrated oxides. Further decomposition of kaolin minerals produces gibbsite. Changes in the nature and amount of clay minerals are thought to correspond with stages in the evolution of basalt soil types.

Qualitative and quantitative mineralogical composition of the Rupelian Boom Clay in Belgium

Clay Minerals ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zeelmaekers ◽  
M. Honty ◽  
A. Derkowski ◽  
J. Środoń ◽  
M. De Craen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Boom Clay ◽  
Bulk Rock Composition ◽  
Clay Formation

AbstractThe Boom Clay Formation of early Oligocene age, which occurs underground in northern Belgium, has been studied intensively for decades as a potential host rock for the disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of the present study is to determine a reference composition for the Boom Clay using both literature methods and methods developed during this work. The study was carried out on 20 samples, representative of the lithological variability of the formation. The bulk-rock composition was obtained by X-ray diffraction using a combined full-pattern summation and singlepeak quantification method. Siliciclastics vary from 27 to 72 wt.%, clay minerals with 25–71 wt.% micas, 0–4 wt.% carbonates, 2–4 wt.% accessory minerals (mainly pyrite and anatase) and 0.5–3.5 wt.% organic matter. This bulk-rock composition was validated independently by majorelement chemical analysis. The detailed composition of the clay-sized fraction was determined by modelling of the oriented X-ray diffraction patterns, using a larger sigma star (σ*) value for discrete smectite than for the other clay minerals. The <2 μm clay mineralogy of the Boom Clay is qualitatively homogeneous; it contains 14–25 wt.% illite, 19–39 wt.% smectite, 19–42 wt.% randomly interstratified illite-smectite with about 65% illite layers, 5–12 wt.% kaolinite, 4–17 wt.% randomly interstratified kaolinite-smectite and 2–7 wt.% chloritic minerals (chlorite, “defective” chlorite and interstratified chlorite-smectite). All modelled clay mineral proportions were verified independently using major-element chemistry and cation exchange capacity measurements. Bulkrock and clay mineral analysis results were combined to obtain the overall detailed quantitative composition of the Boom Clay Formation.

scholarly journals Clay content of a clayeydiatomite, the Early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 159-177
Author(s):  
Gunver Krarup Pedersen ◽  
Stig A. Schack Pedersen ◽  
Jacob Steffensen ◽  
Christian Schack Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineral Phase ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dominant Phase

The Early Eocene Fur Formation is a clayey diatomite interbedded with layers of volcanic ash. The diatomite is non-calcareous, laminated or structureless, and thin sections show that the proportion of clay-sized particles to diatom frustules varies between laminae. The clay mineral phase has been isolated and its chemical composition has been determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Clay mineralogical analyses based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the dominant phase is smectite. A general formula for the clay mineral phase is: X0.1K0.2(Mg0.3Fe(III)0.3–0.7Al1.1–1.4)Si4O10(OH)2.The investigation indicates that the clayey diatomite of the Fur Formation comprises three components: diatom frustules, clay minerals and volcanic dust. The chemical compositions of bulk samples have been determined. The clay mineral content is calculated to be 30–45% (by weight). Volcanic dust constitutes c. 10% of the diatomite, and the rest is diatoms (opal-A). The diatom frustules contain some Al2O3 that is either of primary or diagenetic origin.

Interstrat—An Expert System to Help Identify Interstratified Clay Minerals from Powder XRD Data: II. Testing the Program

Clay Minerals ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. J. Garvie
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Powder Xrd ◽  
Text File ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

AbstractINTERSTRAT is designed to help clay mineralogists identify clay minerals from powder X-ray diffraction data and is especially useful as an aid in the interpretation of interstratified clay minerals. This paper illustrates the use of the INTERSTRAT program in the identification of a set of interstratified clay minerals. One of the examples has been matched against the PDF and the answers compared with those obtained by INTERSTRAT. The most useful features of the program are the knowledge bases of diffraction parameters for the interstratified clay minerals, the ability of the program to compare the clays identified in more than one state and the hierarchical clay text file.

scholarly journals Application of the capillary method in micro X-ray diffractometry (µ-XRD): A useful technique for the characterization of small amounts of clay minerals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivett Kovács ◽  
Tibor Németh ◽  
Gabriella B. Kiss ◽  
Zsolt Benkó
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rapid Preparation ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Capillary Method ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Ph Conditions

AbstractThe laboratory micro X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) technique is a suitable method to study minerals in-situ in whole-rock specimens without any sample preparation or in polished thin sections, and even in small amounts in powdered form. The micro X-ray diffraction method uses the conventional, closed-tube X-ray generator, but modifications were needed in the diffraction column, sample holder and detector in order to achieve μ-XRD capability.In this paper, we present a case study of the capillary method used in µ-XRD on hydrothermal clay mineral assemblages that formed in the Velence Mts (Hungary). The capillary method in µ-XRD has many advantages in the investigation of small amounts of clay minerals: (1) easy and rapid preparation of randomly oriented, powdered samples; (2) rapid measurements; (3) accurate diffraction patterns. By using the capillary method, the formation of preferred orientation can be eliminated; thus the (hkl) reflection of the clay minerals can be precisely measured. Illite polytype quantification and the investigation of (060) reflection of clay minerals can be used satisfactorily in µ-XRD.Hydrothermal clay mineral assemblages are indicative of temperature and pH. Their examination can determine the physicochemical parameters of the hydrothermal fluids that interacted with the host granite in the Velence Mts. The analyzed hydrothermal clay minerals from the western part of the mountains suggest lower temperatures (150–200 °C) and intermediate pH conditions. In contrast, the clay mineral assemblages' characteristics for the eastern part of the mountains indicate more intense argillization and higher temperatures (∼220 °C) and intermediate pH conditions.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

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