The effects of different compositions of growth media on the development of microplants of the Solnechny potato variety

The results of studying the effect of nutrient media of various compositions on the growth of improved micro-plants of potatoes of the Solnechny variety grown under laboratory conditions in vitro are presented. Six compositions of the nutrient medium were studied: standard Murashige-Skuga medium modified for micropropagation (considered as a control), modified Murashige-Skuga medium with a reduced content of mineral components (up to 1/2 and up to 1/3), modified Murashige-Skuga medium with an increased content of agar-agar (10 g/l), modified Murashige-Skuga medium with a reduced content of agar-agar (4 g/l), Murashige-Skuga medium modified with the addition of 3 mg/L giberrellinic acid and 1 mg/L indoliacetic acid. The following parameters of cultivated plants were taken into account: plant length, root presence, number of internodes, total plant mass, leaf mass, root mass, leaf plate surface area. The use of modified nutrient media with a reduced content of mineral components led to an increase in plant length (by 28-30%), stem mass (by 25%) due to leaf mass (by 18%) and stem mass (by 31%) and the total surface area of leaf plates (by 12%). In the variant using a medium with 1/3 mineral components an increase in the mass of the root system was observed (by 20%). When growing plants on a modified nutrient medium with a high content of agar-agar, a decrease in the length of plants (by 6%), a decrease in the mass of the scion (by 12%) due to a decrease in the mass of the stem (by 15%) was observed. Plants grown on a modified nutrient medium with a reduced content of agar-agar were distinguished by a larger mass of the root system (by 10%), scion (by 17%) (due to an increase in leaf mass (by 27%), as well as the total surface area of leaf plates (by 22%). When growth regulators (giberrellin and indoliacetic acid) were added to the modified nutrient medium, a significant increase in plant height (by 70%), a decrease in the mass of the root system (by 50%) and leaves (by 46%), and an increase in the mass of the stem (by 23%) were observed. The total leaf surface area was 28% lower than the control values. For accelerated micropropagation of improved potato plants of the Solnechny variety and preparation of plants for transplanting to aerohydroponic systems in order to produce mini-tubers, the following modified nutrient media are optimal options: with a reduced number of mineral components (1/2 and 1/3) and with a reduced content of agar-agar.

Effect of the irrigation regime of rise on soil oxidation-reduction status

During the cultivation of rice in the field for 3 months, the required water layer is maintained. In these conditions, there are the processes that lead to changes in the composition of organic and mineral components of the soil, namely: removal of easily soluble substances and mobile forms of nutrients, the dominance of reduction processes over oxidation ones. Irrigation of rice crops using drip irrigation also causes changes in salt and water-air regimes, which leads to the formation of salt bags and toxic salinization of the soil in a layer of 0-60 cm. The negative effect of drip irrigation is not so noticeable compared to flooding conditions and can be eliminated by observing crop rotation with the rate of the main crop not more than 50%. The research was conducted during 2016-2020 in the territory of the Rice Institute of NAAS and its experimental farm (Skadovsk district, Kherson region), where the soil cover is represented by dark chestnut saline soil. The study of the effect of rice cultivation in flood conditions was carried out on a rice irrigation system with an area of ​​190 ha, and under drip irrigation - on a demonstration trail with an area of ​​4 ha. The oxidation-reduction status of the arable soil layer of rice crop rotations when rice growing, is seasonal. In the period of water layer maintaining in the field, in the arable layer reduction processes predominate, while after harvesting and checks draining the intensity of the reduction processes is moderate and decreases. A model describing this process by the equation of a quadratic parabola was constructed. Growing rice under drip irrigation also reduces the oxidation-reduction soil capacity to negative values, but for a short period, which does not adversely affect the soil. The dynamics of this indicator in the conditions of drip irrigation is described by the equation of a quadratic parabola. Continuous monitoring of this process enables to evaluate the stability of fluctuations of the oxidation-reduction soil balance, which is important for assessing soil quality.

Physicochemical parameters and mineral components in Vietnam honey as a promising tool for classifying biological origin of honeys

Honey is known as a natural sweetener agent with high nutritional value and health benefits, especially premium honey because of its desirable flavour and medicinal properties. Because of this, honey has been a target of adulteration through the mixing of low-quality honey and mislabelling of the honey’s origin. The aim of this research considers the potential of using mineral and physicochemical data to authenticate the origin of honey. To this end, 40 samples of 8 botanica collected from 18 different regions of Vietnam were analysed for its metal contents (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, As, Hg) and physicochemical parameters (pH and electrical conductivity). The data were processed by multivariate analysis, which allowed the classification of honey according to its botanical origin.

Development of a method for obtaining healthy mini-tubers of potatoes of the Yubilyar variety using a humic preparation from peat

The influence of various nutrient medium compositions on the growth of potato plants during in vitro cultivation and the possibility of using biological fertilizer from peat in different concentrations to improve the adaptation of plants to growing in ground for the development of a method for obtaining healthy mini-tubers of potatoes of the Yubilyar variety were studied. The influence of various nutrient medium compositions on the height, biomass, intensity of rhizogenesis, the number of internodes of improved potato micro-plants, as well as humic fertilizer from Humostim peat on the survival rate and height of potato plants when adapting it to ground conditions is analyzed. Taking into account the data obtained, as well as the cost of the studied variants of the medium, the optimal medium for growing potato micro-plants in laboratory conditions in vitro is a nutrient medium with a content of mineral components 1/3 from the norm. The use of humic preparation from peat Humostim in a concentration of 0.001% caused an acceleration of plant growth and an increase in their height, and this concentration is recommended for use.

Effect of Soil Washing with Ferric Chloride on Cadmium Removal and Soil Structure

In China, arable soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) threaten human health. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is a highly efficient agent that can remove Cd from contaminated soils. However, it is unknown whether FeCl3 damages the soil structure and consequently affects crop growth. In this study, we investigated the impacts of Cd extraction by FeCl3 on the structure of a paddy soil on the basis of comparisons of control (without washing agents) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatments. According to our results, the removal efficiency increased with the decrease in soil initial pH, as adjusted by FeCl3. However, the low pH of 2.0 caused a partial loss of soil mineral components, with an Al release of 4.4% in the FeCl3-treated soil versus 1.3% in the HCl-treated soil. In contrast, the amount of released Al was less than 0.2% in the control and in the FeCl3 treatments with initial pH values of 3.0 and 4.0. The washing agents caused soil TOC loss of 27.1%, 17.5%, and 2.76% in the pH 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 FeCl3 treatments, compared with 15.5% in the initial pH 2.0 HCl treatment. The use of FeCl3 represents an optimum tradeoff between removal efficiency and the loss of soil components to restore Cd-polluted soils by adjusting the initial pH to 3.0 with the addition of FeCl3. Under this condition, the amount of Al loss was less than 0.2%, and the extraction efficiency reached 40.3%, compared to an efficiency of 39.7% with HCl at an initial pH of 2.0. In conclusion, FeCl3 could effectively remove Cd from contaminated soil.

Geochronology, Correlation and Magnetic Studies of Quaternary Ignimbrites in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

<p>Voluminous, rhyolitic ignimbrites erupted from calderas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of North Island, New Zealand during the last ca. 1.6 Ma, are characterised by geochemical, paleomagnetic, magnetic fabric and isotopic age techniques to determine their stratigraphy and source vent areas. Most of the welded ignimbrites record distinctive thermoremanent magnetism (TRM) directions that can be defined with a precision of less than 5 degrees. On this basis, individual ignimbrites may be identified and correlated. These data indicate that the voluminous Whakamaru group ignimbrites, mapped by various names in different parts of the TVZ, were probably erupted over a period of as little as 100 years. The Kaingaroa and Matahina ignimbrites display very similar TRM directions and may have been emplaced contemporaneously. Ahuroa and Mamaku ignimbrites display TRM directions widely different to that expected from a dipole field, and were emplaced during polarity transitions in Earth's magnetic field. Geochemically, glasses and FeTi-oxides from the TVZ ignimbrites are homogeneous and typical of high-SiO v2 (>75 wt percent) rhyolites. They indicate little evidence of derivation from physically or compositionally zoned magma chambers, and allow individual eruptives to be fingerprinted. Variable compositions of whole pumice clasts from welded units, previously interpreted as evidence for chemical zonation can be explained by glass alteration and variable mineral components. Geochemical and chronological data suggest the Rocky Hill Ignimbrite and/or Unit E ignimbrite (ca. 1 Ma) may be correlatives of the Potaka tephra, found in sedimentary basins outside the TVZ. Rock magnetic fabric studies using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of ignimbrites allow paleoflow patterns to be determined. These patterns are generally consistent with source areas inferred from other data. The source for Mamaku Ignimbrite is consistent with an area on the western margin of Lake Rotorua. The Whakamaru group ignimbrites appear to have originated north of Lake Taupo, and in particular from an area near the Western Dome Belt. Glass shards from nonwelded bases of ignimbrites are well suited to dating by the isothermal plateau fission track (ITPFT) method. Any partial fading of the spontaneous tracks has been corrected by a single-step heat treatment of 150 degrees C for 30 days. The resulting ages and their uncertainties are comparable is caret 40Ar/caret 39Ar plagioclase determinations. The following new eruption ages were determined: Whakamaru group ignimbrites (0.34 Plus-minus 0.03 Ma), Matahina Ignimbrite (0.34 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), Kaingaroa ignimbrite (0.33 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), informally named unit Downer 8 (0.33 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), and Mamaku Ignimbrite (0.23 Plus-minus 0.01 Ma). These data suggest a major phase of activity, with several different caldera forming events in the interval ca. 0.35-0.32 Ma. The age of Mamaku Ignimbrite constrains the paleomagnetic excursion recorded in the unit to ca. 0.23 Ma, similar to the age of the Pringle Falls geomagnetic episode recorded in the western USA.</p>

Geochronology, Correlation and Magnetic Studies of Quaternary Ignimbrites in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

<p>Voluminous, rhyolitic ignimbrites erupted from calderas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of North Island, New Zealand during the last ca. 1.6 Ma, are characterised by geochemical, paleomagnetic, magnetic fabric and isotopic age techniques to determine their stratigraphy and source vent areas. Most of the welded ignimbrites record distinctive thermoremanent magnetism (TRM) directions that can be defined with a precision of less than 5 degrees. On this basis, individual ignimbrites may be identified and correlated. These data indicate that the voluminous Whakamaru group ignimbrites, mapped by various names in different parts of the TVZ, were probably erupted over a period of as little as 100 years. The Kaingaroa and Matahina ignimbrites display very similar TRM directions and may have been emplaced contemporaneously. Ahuroa and Mamaku ignimbrites display TRM directions widely different to that expected from a dipole field, and were emplaced during polarity transitions in Earth's magnetic field. Geochemically, glasses and FeTi-oxides from the TVZ ignimbrites are homogeneous and typical of high-SiO v2 (>75 wt percent) rhyolites. They indicate little evidence of derivation from physically or compositionally zoned magma chambers, and allow individual eruptives to be fingerprinted. Variable compositions of whole pumice clasts from welded units, previously interpreted as evidence for chemical zonation can be explained by glass alteration and variable mineral components. Geochemical and chronological data suggest the Rocky Hill Ignimbrite and/or Unit E ignimbrite (ca. 1 Ma) may be correlatives of the Potaka tephra, found in sedimentary basins outside the TVZ. Rock magnetic fabric studies using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of ignimbrites allow paleoflow patterns to be determined. These patterns are generally consistent with source areas inferred from other data. The source for Mamaku Ignimbrite is consistent with an area on the western margin of Lake Rotorua. The Whakamaru group ignimbrites appear to have originated north of Lake Taupo, and in particular from an area near the Western Dome Belt. Glass shards from nonwelded bases of ignimbrites are well suited to dating by the isothermal plateau fission track (ITPFT) method. Any partial fading of the spontaneous tracks has been corrected by a single-step heat treatment of 150 degrees C for 30 days. The resulting ages and their uncertainties are comparable is caret 40Ar/caret 39Ar plagioclase determinations. The following new eruption ages were determined: Whakamaru group ignimbrites (0.34 Plus-minus 0.03 Ma), Matahina Ignimbrite (0.34 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), Kaingaroa ignimbrite (0.33 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), informally named unit Downer 8 (0.33 Plus-minus 0.02 Ma), and Mamaku Ignimbrite (0.23 Plus-minus 0.01 Ma). These data suggest a major phase of activity, with several different caldera forming events in the interval ca. 0.35-0.32 Ma. The age of Mamaku Ignimbrite constrains the paleomagnetic excursion recorded in the unit to ca. 0.23 Ma, similar to the age of the Pringle Falls geomagnetic episode recorded in the western USA.</p>

Spectral analysis of juvenile dentin biomaterials

The experiments in optical evaluation of biomaterials taken from juvenile dentin have been made using the Raman spectroscopy method. It was shown that juvenile teeth lose their mineral components and preserve organic components in the process of demineralization with the use of hydrochloric acid.

The raman spectroscopy method for evaluation of structural changes in hard tissues of teeth after in-office whitening

Start The experiments in evaluation of hard tissues using the Raman spectroscopy method have been made. Spectral differences between the tooth enamel and dentin before and after the in-office whitening procedure were found as a result of the work. It was shown with the use of the Raman spectroscopy method that the whitening process causes changes of tooth enamel and dentin related to the changes of organic and mineral components.