Growth, competitiveness, and seed germination of triallate/difenzoquat-susceptible and -resistant wild oat populations

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O'Donovan ◽  
J. C. Newman ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Understanding the relative competitiveness and seed germination patterns of herbicide-resistant weeds has implications for integrated weed management. Replacement series experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to compare interspecific competition among two triallate/difenzoquat susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations. Each series included monocultures of each of the populations and three mixtures at relative S:R proportions of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Shoot dry weight tended to be greater in the R than S populations, but results were not always statistically significant at the 5% level. Leaf area was more variable, but in most cases did not differ between R and S populations. With a few exceptions, relative crowding coefficients for shoot dry weight and leaf area were similar for S and R populations indicating little or no differences in competitiveness. In field experiments where two S and five R populations were grown in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), two of the R populations produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater shoot dry weight and seed yield than the S populations. Otherwise populations did not differ significantly. In seed germination studies, the S populations consistently displayed lower cumulative germination than the R populations. The higher seed germination associated with the R populations suggests that producers should be able to manage these populations effectively with a combination of alternative herbicides and cultural practices. Key words: Avena fatua, herbicide resistance, triallate, difenzoquat, relative competitiveness, seed germination

Competitive ability of hybrid and open-pollinated canola (Brassica napus) with wild oat (Avena fatua)

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zand ◽  
H. J. Beckie
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
High Plant Density

The competitiveness of three hybrid and three open-pollinated canola cultivars against two wild oat populations was determined under controlled environment conditions at two plant densities and five canola:wild oat ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Analysis of replacement series and derivation of relative crowding coefficients (RCC), based on shoot dry weight or leaf area, indicated that hybrid canola cultivars were twice as competitive than open-pollinated cultivars when weed interference was relatively high (i.e., high plant density and vigorous wild oat growth). Little difference in competitiveness among cultivar types was apparent when weed interference was lower. The results of this study suggest that hybrid canola cultivars may be best suited for use in an integrated weed management program, particularly for farmers of organic or low input cropping systems. Key words: Hybrid canola, Brassica napus, Avena fatua, replacement series, competition

Comparison of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Growth, Development, and Competitiveness under Three Temperature Regimes

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mature Seed ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Series Study

In a replacement series study, barley was more competitive than green foxtail and wild oat at 28/22 and 22/16 C. Wild oat was more competitive with green foxtail at 22/16 C than at 28/22 C. Maximum green foxtail dry weight and leaf area was produced at 28/22 C. As temperature increased, maximum dry weight and leaf area occurred earlier during plant growth. Similarly, maximum wild oat leaf area occurred earlier with increasing temperature, but the greatest leaf area was observed at 16/10 C. Leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of wild oat did not differ markedly between temperature regimes. Green foxtail LAR was higher while RGR was lower at 16/10 C than at 22/16 or 28/22 C. Under the 16/10 C regime green foxtail produced little mature seed. Greatest seed numbers were produced at 28/22 C. Wild oat produced mature seed under all temperature regimes with the greatest seed numbers produced at 22/16 C.

Temperature Effect of Phytotoxicity of Soil-Applied Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. G. Mulder ◽  
J. D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Experiments were conducted in controlled environmental chambers to determine the influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of seven soil-applied herbicides. Diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil incorporated or surface applied, was more toxic to wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) shoots at 10 and 17 C than at 24 C. Efficacy of diclofop was enhanced with soil incorporation. Diclofop toxicity to wild oat roots was not influenced by a change in temperature. EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) stimulated sugarbeet(Beta vulgarisL. ‘American Crystal Hybrid B’) shoot dry weight production at 10 C and caused dry weight reduction at 24 C. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] toxicity to barley(Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’) and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] toxicity to oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Chief’) increased with increased temperature from 10 to 17 C. Temperatures within the range of 10 to 24 C did not affect trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) toxicity to barley or BAY-5653 [N-(2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylurea] or chloamben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) toxicity to oats.

Influence of relative time of emergence on nitrogen responses of corn and velvetleaf

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Harbur ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
N Management ◽  
Target Plant

Nitrogen (N) management markedly affects weed competition with crops. The effect of N availability on plant competition varies with a plant's abilities to capture and use N. Accordingly, we expected the N effect on plant competition to change with the relative emergence time of competing individuals. This hypothesis was tested by growing corn and velvetleaf plants in target and neighbor roles and comparing their N responses. Sowing times were varied, so that target plant emergent dates were constant, whereas neighbor plants were sown to emerge 7 d before, with, or 7 d after targets. Seedlings were fertilized daily with 2.5 mmol (“low N”) or 10.0 mmol (“high N”) ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Corn had greater total weight, leaf area, and root-to-shoot ratio (RSR) than velvetleaf. Different dry weights may have reflected seed weights; corn seed weight was greater than velvetleaf. Regardless of role, corn and velvetleaf dry weight and leaf area were greater with high N than low N; in contrast, RSR was lower with high N than low N. The RSR response to N availability suggested plant resources were shifted from N foraging, toward competition for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In target plants of each species, dry weight and leaf area increased linearly with time between target and neighbor emergence. Conversely, dry weight and leaf area of neighbor plants decreased with time between target and neighbor emergence. The N response of neighbor plants increased with time of emergence between target and neighbor emergence. Larger plants likely required more N to sustain growth than smaller plants; plants that emerged earlier likely had greater daily N requirements than those that emerged later. These results support factoring in emergence when predicting N effects on plant competition. Optimal N provisioning for integrated weed management may differ with emergence times of competing plants.

Chaff collection reduces seed dispersal of wild oat (Avena fatua) by a combine harvester

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Combine Harvesters

Combine harvesters have the potential to disperse weed seeds great distances. Reducing this dispersal may be important in an integrated weed management system. The objectives of this study were to determine the distance that wild oat seeds are dispersed by a combine harvester and the effect of chaff collection on combine harvester seed dispersal. This was measured by sampling wild oat seeds at varying distances behind a combine equipped with a removable chaff collection system after it passed through a wild oat patch. Chaff collection consistently reduced the amount and distance that wild oat seeds were dispersed. This occurred because more than 74% of the total wild oat seed that were ejected from the combine were in the chaff. Because most of the chaff falls in a row directly behind the combine, chaff collection only affected dispersal in this area. In 1996, chaff collection reduced wild oat seed dispersal past the wild oat patch to less than 10 seeds m−2at 45 m, whereas without chaff collection, there was greater than 10 seeds m−2up to 145 m. At distances beyond 145 m, chaff collection had no significant effect on seed dispersal. Chaff collection may be an important tool in an integrated weed management program because it may slow weed invasions and reduce the expansion of weed patches.

Response of Triallate-Resistant Wild Oat (Avena fatua) to Alternative Herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
M. Paul Sharma ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Denise Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Field Crops

Wild oat populations resistant to triallate have been identified in Alberta. Dose response experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine if triallate-resistant wild oat was controlled by other selective wild oat herbicides. Triallate-resistant wild oat populations were effectively controlled by atrazine, ethalfluralin, fenoxaprop-P, flamprop, imazamethabenz, and tralkoxydim. EPTC and cycloate, which are chemically related to triallate, differed in their efficacy on triallate-resistant wild oats. EPTC at the 0.25x field use rate was more efficacious on triallate-resistant than triallate-susceptible wild oat. In contrast, cycloate at the 0.25 to 0.5x field use rate was less efficacious on triallate-resistant than susceptible wild oats. At higher rates, both EPTC and cycloate killed triallate-resistant wild oat populations. Growers have several herbicide choices to selectively control triallate-resistant wild oat in prairie field crops but should plan to rotate herbicides among different chemical families and adopt integrated weed management practices to reduce the risk of these wild oat populations developing resistance to other wild oat herbicides.

EFFECT OF FALL AND SPRING TILLAGE ON WILD OAT GERMINATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. SHARMA ◽  
D. K. McBKATH ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat

In field experiments repeated over a 3-yr period fall tillage was superior to spring tillage for stimulating germination of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). A cultivator was the most effective implement for stimulating seed germination. A double disc was less effective than a cultivator; harrows were relatively ineffective.Key words: Tillage, wild oat, germination, fall, spring

Coating Sodium Azide Granules to Enhance Seed Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Fay ◽  
R. S. Gorecki ◽  
P. M. Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Wild Oat

Research was conducted on the leachability and dissipation of sodium azide applied to soil as a solution or as granules with various coatings. The sodium azide leached readily from all formulations, leaving sections of the soil profile with insufficient concentrations to stimulate germination of dormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) seed. Sodium azide-impregnated clay granules coated with 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol increased germination of wild oat seed two-fold over uncoated granules at a rate of 5.6 kg sodium azide/ha in field experiments. The polyethylene glycol coating reduced the rate of sodium azide dissipation from the soil in growth chamber experiments. Formulation of sodium azide has potential for increasing wild oat germination stimulation under field conditions.

Response of Soybean to Combinations of Clomazone, Metribuzin, Linuron, Alachlor, and Atrazine

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Salzman ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Field observations in 1986 indicated that increased injury to soybean could occur from clomazone plus metribuzin and clomazone plus linuron compared with metribuzin or linuron alone. Field experiments to measure this response were conducted in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at two locations in Michigan. Atrazine at 0, 1120, 2240, and 3360 g ha-1was applied the year previous to soybean planting to determine if atrazine residues in the soil influenced soybean response. Herbicide treatments in soybean included clomazone, metribuzin, linuron, alachlor, clomazone plus metribuzin or linuron, alachlor plus metribuzin or linuron, and an untreated control. Additive and synergistic responses in soybean to clomazone plus linuron and clomazone plus metribuzin, regardless of atrazine application rate, occurred in some field environments. Experiments in the greenhouse demonstrated that soybean shoot weight was reduced synergistically from clomazone plus metribuzin compared with either herbicide alone, and the response was greater on a soil with 2.5% organic matter compared with a soil with 4.4% organic matter. Clomazone plus metribuzin reduced leaf area and shoot dry weight, regardless of placement, while leaf area and shoot dry weight were reduced more when clomazone plus linuron- and atrazine plus metribuzin-treated soil was placed in the same zone as the soybean seed. The synergistic interaction in soybean to clomazone plus metribuzin occurred under both cool and warm temperature regimes in growth chamber studies.

scholarly journals Fitness Cost and Competitive Ability to Different Ploidy Levels in Ryegrass Genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. SCHMITZ ◽  
J. CECHIN ◽  
J.R. HENCKES ◽  
C. PIASECKI ◽  
D. AGOSTINETTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Yield Components ◽  
Diploid Genotype ◽  
Intergenotypic Competition

ABSTRACT: The intergenotypic competition of tetraploid ryegrass with natural diploid population may be a tool to reduce the frequency of resistant individuals in an area. This study aimed to identify and compare the phenological development, fitness cost, and competitive ability between diploid and tetraploid ryegrass genotypes. Genotypes were grown in pots, and the morphological variables of genotype growth were assessed every 15 days up to 120 days after emergence to evaluate the fitness cost. Phenological development and seed yield components were measured in a single time together with the fitness cost. Competitive ability was determined in a replacement-series experiment with proportions of tetraploid and diploid ryegrass, in which the number of tillers, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were assessed at 50 days after emergence. The results of fitness cost showed that the number of tillers, leaf area, root dry weight, and the number of seeds were higher for tetraploid ryegrass, which presented a higher competitive ability than the diploid genotype regardless of the tested proportions. Tetraploid ryegrass may be useful for reducing the frequency of herbicide-resistant diploid ryegrass because of its higher competitive potential.

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