In-crop application effect of nitrogen fertilizer on grain protein concentration of spring wheat in the Canadian prairies

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H McKenzie ◽  
E. Bremer ◽  
C A Grant ◽  
A M Johnston ◽  
J. DeMulder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Early Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution

Due to the price premium for high-protein wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), many producers are interested in the efficacy of in-crop application of low rates of N fertilizer for increasing grain protein concentration (GPC). We conducted field studies at 26 site-years in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba from 1998 to 2000 to determine if in-crop application (tillering, boot stage or anthesis) of N fertilizer [broadcast ammonium nitrate (AN) or foliar urea-ammonium-nitrate solution (UAN); 15 kg N ha-1] could economically increase GPC of a Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat cultivar (AC Barrie). Basal N fertilizer rates were 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. The average increase in GPC due to in-crop N application was 3 g kg-1. The increase in GPC was similar at basal N rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Broadcast AN and foliar-applied UAN were generally equally effective at increasing GPC, but were not more effective than application at the time of seeding. Late application tended to increase GPC more effectively than early application. The increase in GPC due to application of in-crop N was not economic at most sites in this study, but might be greater if applied under more N deficient conditions. Key words: Split N application, foliar, timing

Feasibility of applying all nitrogen and phosphorus requirements at planting of no-till winter wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
D. Domitruk ◽  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
P Fertilizer

The recent advances in no-till seeding technology are providing new N management options for crop production on the prairies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential interaction between P and N fertilizer on winter wheat production in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system and to determine the feasibility of side-banding all N requirements using urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting as compared with the current practice of broadcasting ammonium nitrate early in the spring. Three forms of N fertilizer (urea, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate), three rates of N (50, 75 and 100 kg ha–1) and three rates of P (0, 9 and 17 kg P ha–1) were investigated. Urea and anhydrous ammonia were applied during the seeding operation, whereas ammonium nitrate was broadcast the following spring. Applying P fertilizer to the side and below the seed at planting with rates > 9 kg Pha–1 increased grain yield in 3 out of 6 site-years when ammonium nitrate was broadcast early in the spring. The positive yield response to P corresponded to soil test levels of 24 kg P ha–1. With soil test levels greater than 34 kg P ha–1, grain yield response to P fertilizer was not observed. When urea was banded at planting, together with P fertilizer, the yield increases with the increased P rates was shown only in 1 out of 6 site-years. At 5 of th e 6 site-years, grain protein concentration was not affected by P fertilizer; while for 1 site-year, the high rate of P fertilization decreased grain protein concentration. Responses of total grain N and P yields to P fertilization were parallel to the corresponding responses of P fertilization to grain yield, and were rarely associated with N or P concentrations in the grain. Applying N fertilizer at rates of 50 to 100 kg N ha–1 increased winter wheat grain yields by 3 to 8% in 3 out of 6 site-years. The high N rates increased grain protein concentrations in all 6 site-years. Grain protein concentration was 6% greater with N fertilizer applied as ammonium nitrate in early spring than when banding urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting. More consistent improvements in grain yield and grain protein concentration were obtained when the N fertilizer was applied as ammonium nitrate in the spring. Further research is required to determine the benefits of applying some of the crop’s N fertilizer requirements at planting, to reduce the risks of N stresses when the spring application is delayed because of adverse weather or soil conditions. Key words: Ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, grain yield, nitrogen timing, phosphorus, protein, urea

Effect of nitrogen source, placement and time of application on winter wheat production in Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
W. Nuttall ◽  
T. Wright ◽  
H. Ukrainetz
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Time Of Application

Saskatchewan producers growing primarily spring-seeded cereals may be interested in diversifying their cropping alternatives. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) could provide one possible option, but its management could cause conflict with the busy fall and early spring activities for spring-seeded crops. A study was conducted at five sites (Swift Current, 4 yr; Melfort, 4 yr; and Scott, Lashburn, and Loon Lake, 1 yr each) in four soil zones (Brown, Dark Brown, and Black Chernozems and Gray Luvisol). The effect of time of application of N (seeding to early spring), source of N (ammonium nitrate vs. urea), and method of application (broadcast, midrow band, and seed-placed) on yield and grain protein concentration were investigated. The results varied with site and year (weather). Time of N application only influenced yields at Swift Current (Brown soil) where application on cool unfrozen soil in mid-October was as good as application in early spring and better than at other times, and application onto frozen, snow-covered soil in December was least effective. At Swift Current and Melfort, grain protein concentration did not respond to time of application; however, at Scott, Lashburn and Loon Lake, protein was highest for spring-applied N, followed by mid-October, and lowest when N was applied on frozen snow-covered soil. The effect of N source rarely affected grain yield or protein and was dependent on site and method of placement. The dangers of seed-placing N, especially urea, on overwinter survival and yields were evident in 2 yr at Swift Current. There was rarely any difference in yield or grain protein concentration when N was banded or broadcast at seeding time. Taking into account convenience of operation, the most opportune time for Saskatchewan producers involved in growing both spring and winter wheat to apply N would be mid-October in the Brown soil zone. In the other soil zones, early spring would be best. Broadcasting the N was the most appropriate method of application at all sites. Urea would be chosen over ammonium nitrate because there was little advantage of one source over the other and urea is generally cheaper. Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, protein, grain yields, plant population

Nitrogen requirements of irrigated wheat on the Darling Downs

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
Irrigated Wheat

Eighteen fertilizer trials, each with five levels of nitrogen (N) and three levels of phosphorus (PI, were conducted on black earth soils of the Darling Downs to establish optimal economic rates of N fertilizer in commercial, irrigated wheat crops. The optimal economic rate of N with a fertilizer: wheat price ratio (kg N: kg grain) of 5:l, the yield response of 100 kg/ha of applied N, the yield without fertilizer, and the yield with fertilizer not limiting were calculated from derived yield response relations at each site. A multi-variate regression procedure was used to determine which soil or crop management factors significantly influenced the rate of N needed to optimize wheat yield. Delay in planting after June 1 and the level of residual mineral N in the soil at planting had strong negative effects on the response to fertilizer and the optimal rate of fertilizer required. The results indicate that yields of irrigated wheat may be below the economic optimum because of sub-optimal applications of N. Other soil and management factors such as available soil P and number of irrigations also affected grain yield. At 1 3 sites low protein wheat (< 1 1.4�1~) was produced with all but the highest two rates of N fertilizer and at two sites even the highest rate produced low protein wheat. The effect of N fertilizer applied at planting on grain protein concentration was changed by the yield response to the fertilizer application. Grain protein concentration was curvilinearly related (R2 = 0.81) to relative grain yield (yield as a proportion of the maximum yield); grain protein was at its minimum at a relative yield of 0.5. Although heavy rates of N fertilizer at planting increased grain protein concentration on a few sites, usually these applications led to an inefficient use of N fertilizer; apparent incorporation of fertilizer N into grain decreased with increasing rate of fertilizer.

Post-emergence application of N fertilizer to improve grain yield and quality of irrigated durum and bread wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Beres ◽  
E. Bremer ◽  
R. S. Sadasivaiah ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
R. J. Graf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
End Use

Field studies were conducted for 3 yr (2001 to 2003) at two irrigated sites in southern Alberta to determine if post-emergence N application (38 kg N ha-1) was warranted for durum (Triticum turgidum L.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum) in soils with relatively high N. Greater efficacy occurred with in-crop surface-applied granular ammonium nitrate (AN) compared with foliar-applied urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) solution. Early AN application usually improved grain yield compared with the fertilized control (38 k g N ha-1 applied at seeding), while late application reduced grain yield, but increased grain protein concentration and end-use quality. Key words: Triticum turgidum, Triticum aestivum, nitrogen fertilizer, foliar, timing, split N, grain protein concentration

Can nitrogen fertiliser maintain wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain protein concentration in an elevated CO2 environment?

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Walker ◽  
Roger Armstrong ◽  
Joe Panozzo ◽  
Debra Partington ◽  
Glenn Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
N Application ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Free Air ◽  
N Management

The effect of different nitrogen (N) management strategies (i.e. N rate; 0, 25, 50, 100 kg ha–1, split N application, foliar N application, legume precropping) were assessed for how they may reverse the reduction of grain protein concentration (GPC) under elevated CO2 (eCO2; 550 µmol mol–1) of wheat (cv. Yitpi) using the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility. GPC did not increase significantly under eCO2 for most of the N management strategies assessed when compared with ambient CO2 (aCO2; 390 µmol mol–1). Grain yield of cv. Yitpi under aCO2 increased by 43% (P < 0.001) with application of 100 kg N ha–1 when compared with 0 kg N ha–1 at sowing; this response was approximately double (82%) when 100 kg N ha–1 was applied under eCO2 conditions. Under aCO2 conditions, by adding 100 kg N ha–1 at sowing, the GPC increased by 37% compared with the GPC at N0; whereas under eCO2 conditions, by adding the same quantity of N fertiliser, the GPC increased by only 28%. The highest level of N applied (100 kg ha–1), chosen for economic and practical reasons in a low-rainfall, yield-limiting environment, was lower than that reported in other global studies (250–350 kg ha–1). In a low-rainfall, yield-limiting environment, it is not practical to increase GPC by applying N alone; new cultivars may be required if grain growers are to maintain grain protein (and functionality) in the future as CO2 levels continue to increase.

scholarly journals Plant tissue tests for predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirements in spring wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
Jari Peltonen
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Critical Components

Application of nitrogen (N) at sowing (basal N) alone is not always adequate for maximum yield and quality formation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Because uptake and utilization ofN by the plant is influenced by many environmental and varietal factors, supplementary N may be needed during the growing season, too. Additional N can be applied at particular stages of the plant’s development (phenology) to produce the best result from its use. The applicability of plant tissue N concentration as a diagnostic tool for measuring the N status of a wheat stand to guide economical use of additional N application was reviewed here. On the basis of grain protein concentration data, growers producing spring wheat with consistently low protein concentration are advised to pursue a more vigorous and better planned N fertilization programme in their crops. Plant tissue N testing provides a useful method for the producer to annually optimize wheat grain yield and grain protein concentration. Knowledge of both these ‘critical components’ as determined by pre-harvest N levels of plant tissue and post-harvest grain protein concentration can be utilized for making both basal and supplemental N fertilizer recommendations.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertiliser application timing on grain yield and grain protein concentration of spring barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
R. Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Fertiliser Application

AbstractThere is relatively little recent information regarding the effect of timing of fertiliser N application to spring barley on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) under Irish conditions. The objectives of this work were to examine the effects of a) timing of the first N application to spring barley (at sowing or at crop emergence), b) altering the proportion of the total N allocation that is applied in the first of two applications and c) delaying a portion of the total N dose until after the tillering phase on grain yield and GPC of spring barley. Twenty experiments were carried out over four seasons (2011–2014) in the south and south-east of Ireland. Results indicated that there was little consistent difference, in terms of grain yield or GPC between applying the first N at sowing compared to where the initial N application was made at crop emergence. Similarly, altering the proportion of N applied in the first application, irrespective of whether the first application was at sowing or at crop emergence, had little effect on either yield or GPC. Delaying the application of a portion (0.2) of the total N until after the tillering stage also had little consistent effect on either yield or GPC. It is concluded that where the majority of N is applied to spring barley before the end of the tillering stage, altering the timing of applications or the proportion of the total applied in each application will have limited effect on grain yield or GPC.

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