Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 1759-1778
Author(s):  
Bikram Khadka ◽  
Jae-Young Lee ◽  
Ki-Taek Kim ◽  
Jong-Sup Bae
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Cord Injury

Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood–brain barrier and blood–spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are emphasized.

scholarly journals Novel optimized drug delivery systems for enhancing spinal cord injury repair in rats

Drug Delivery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 2548-2561
Author(s):  
Man Zhang ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Chang Xu ◽  
Jinti Lin ◽  
JiaKang Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Injury Repair ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals Role of NETosis in Central Nervous System Injury

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yituo Chen ◽  
Haojie Zhang ◽  
Xinli Hu ◽  
Wanta Cai ◽  
Wenfei Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Cord Injury

Central nervous system (CNS) injury is divided into brain injury and spinal cord injury and remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous reviews have defined numerous inflammatory cells involved in this process. In the human body, neutrophils comprise the largest numbers of myeloid leukocytes. Activated neutrophils release extracellular web-like DNA amended with antimicrobial proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The formation of NETs was demonstrated as a new method of cell death called NETosis. As the first line of defence against injury, neutrophils mediate a variety of adverse reactions in the early stage, and we consider that NETs may be the prominent mediators of CNS injury. Therefore, exploring the specific role of NETs in CNS injury may help us shed some light on early changes in the disease. Simultaneously, we discovered that there is a link between NETosis and other cell death pathways by browsing other research, which is helpful for us to establish crossroads between known cell death pathways. Currently, there is a large amount of research concerning NETosis in various diseases, but the role of NETosis in CNS injury remains unknown. Therefore, this review will introduce the role of NETosis in CNS injury, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischaemia, CNS infection, Alzheimer’s disease, and spinal cord injury, by describing the mechanism of NETosis, the evidence of NETosis in CNS injury, and the link between NETosis and other cell death pathways. Furthermore, we also discuss some agents that inhibit NETosis as therapies to alleviate the severity of CNS injury. NETosis may be a potential target for the treatment of CNS injury, so exploring NETosis provides a feasible therapeutic option for CNS injury in the future.

Nanoparticle-mediated Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) in the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilong Zhang ◽  
Lukui Chen ◽  
Xiaoyuan Guo ◽  
Ahsan Khan ◽  
Yuchun Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Beyond the lesion site: minocycline augments inflammation and anxiety-like behavior following SCI in rats through action on the gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma K. A. Schmidt ◽  
Pamela J. F. Raposo ◽  
Abel Torres-Espin ◽  
Keith K. Fenrich ◽  
Karim Fouad
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Minocycline is a clinically available synthetic tetracycline derivative with anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. The majority of studies show that minocycline can reduce tissue damage and improve functional recovery following central nervous system injuries, mainly attributed to the drug’s direct anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective properties. Surprisingly the consequences of minocycline’s antibiotic (i.e., antibacterial) effects on the gut microbiota and systemic immune response after spinal cord injury have largely been ignored despite their links to changes in mental health and immune suppression. Methods Here, we sought to determine minocycline’s effect on spinal cord injury-induced changes in the microbiota-immune axis using a cervical contusion injury in female Lewis rats. We investigated a group that received minocycline following spinal cord injury (immediately after injury for 7 days), an untreated spinal cord injury group, an untreated uninjured group, and an uninjured group that received minocycline. Plasma levels of cytokines/chemokines and fecal microbiota composition (using 16s rRNA sequencing) were monitored for 4 weeks following spinal cord injury as measures of the microbiota-immune axis. Additionally, motor recovery and anxiety-like behavior were assessed throughout the study, and microglial activation was analyzed immediately rostral to, caudal to, and at the lesion epicenter. Results We found that minocycline had a profound acute effect on the microbiota diversity and composition, which was paralleled by the subsequent normalization of spinal cord injury-induced suppression of cytokines/chemokines. Importantly, gut dysbiosis following spinal cord injury has been linked to the development of anxiety-like behavior, which was also decreased by minocycline. Furthermore, although minocycline attenuated spinal cord injury-induced microglial activation, it did not affect the lesion size or promote measurable motor recovery. Conclusion We show that minocycline’s microbiota effects precede its long-term effects on systemic cytokines and chemokines following spinal cord injury. These results provide an exciting new target of minocycline as a therapeutic for central nervous system diseases and injuries.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies with screening for traumatic brain injury in spinal cord injury across the continuum of care

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Sikka ◽  
Angela Vrooman ◽  
Librada Callender ◽  
David Salisbury ◽  
Monica Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Continuum Of Care ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Continuum
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