A STRATIFIED CROSS-SECTIONAL CLUSTER MODEL SURVEY OF IODINE NUTRITION IN ARMENIA AFTER A DECADE OF UNIVERSAL SALT IODIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hutchings ◽  
Elena Aghajanova ◽  
Sisak Baghdasaryan ◽  
Mushegh Qefoyan ◽  
Catherine Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Salt Iodine

Objective: Iodine is a necessary nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and essential in human development. Being naturally deficient in iodine, Armenia launched a national universal salt iodization (USI) strategy in 2004. Although high rates of goiter continued to be reported, iodine status has not been studied since 2005. Therefore, this study sought to assess the current situation of population iodine nutrition in Armenia.Methods: We used a selective cross-sectional model to recruit three groups: school-age children (SAC), pregnant women (PW), and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) from each province. We collected casual urine and table salt samples from each participant, which were analyzed for iodine concentration. A repeat urine sample was collected in a subset of participants to adjust the results for within-person variation in iodine concentration. Group-wise urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were compared with international reference criteria for iodine status.Results: Urine samples were collected from 1,125 participants from 13 different towns in Armenia; a total of 1,078 participants were included in the final analysis: 361 SAC (mean age, 10.5 years, 46.6% female), 356 PW (mean age, 26.1 years), and 361 WRA (mean age, 35.5 years). Population and geographically weighted median UIC were: SAC, 242 μg/L ([25th percentile] 203 to [75th percentile] 289 μg/L); PW, 226 μg/L (209 to 247 μg/L); WRA, 311 μg/L (244 to 371 μg/L). A total of 1,041 table salt samples were sufficient for laboratory analysis: 973 (93.4%) of the salt iodine measurements were within the national standard range of 40 ± 15 mg/kg.Conclusion: The results of household salt sampling indicated a successful USI strategy. While the present study did not achieve a truly representative sample of Armenia's population, the UIC results support the conclusion that iodine deficiency has not recurred and is not an underlying factor for any remaining high goiter prevalence in Armenia.Abbreviations: PW = pregnant women; SAC = school-age children; SI = salt iodine; UIC = urinary iodine concentration; USI = universal salt iodization; WHO = World Health Organization; WRA = women of reproductive age

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Reproductive Age, 20–49 Years Old, in Tanzania: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djibril M Ba ◽  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Muzi Na ◽  
Kristen H Kjerulff ◽  
Guodong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

ABSTRACT Background Universal salt iodization (USI) is the most feasible and cost-effective, and equitable, approach to prevent iodine deficiency. Severe maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with serious adverse gestational and birth outcomes. Objectives The aim was to assess iodine status and identify independent factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. Methods This was a weighted, population-based, cross-sectional study in 2985 women of reproductive age (20–49 y) in Tanzania who participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys in 2015–2016 (DHS 2015–2016) and had measured UIC. Multivariable generalized linear regression was used to identify potential factors that were associated with UIC. Results The median UICs among women consuming inadequately iodized salt (93.6 μg/L; 25th and 75th percentiles: 43.1, 197.9 μg/L) and women in the lowest socioeconomic status (92.3 μg/L; 45.6, 194.4 μg/L) were below the WHO-recommended ranges (≥150 μg/L for pregnant women and ≥100 μg/L for nonpregnant women). The results of multivariable models indicated that pregnant women had 1.21 μg/L lower UIC than nonpregnant women (β = −1.21; 95% CI: −3.42, −0.12), breastfeeding women had 1.02 μg/L lower UIC than nonbreastfeeding women (β = −1.02; 95% CI: −2.25, −0.27), and women with no education had a 1.88 μg/L lower UIC compared with those with secondary/highest education (β = −1.88; 95% CI: −4.58, −0.36). Women consuming inadequately iodized salt had 6.55 μg/L lower UIC than those consuming adequately iodized salt (β = −6.55; 95% CI: −9.24, −4.33). The median UIC varied substantially across geographic zones, ranging from 83.2 μg/L (45.9, 165.3) in the Western region to 347.8 μg/L (185.0, 479.8) in the Eastern region. Conclusions Our findings indicated a great heterogeneity in median UIC across regions of Tanzania among women of reproductive age. Poverty, consuming inadequately iodized salt, and lack of education appeared to be the driving factors for lower UIC in Tanzania.

scholarly journals Iodine status of school age children in the two hilly districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
AK Nepal ◽  
S Gautam ◽  
S Khatiwada ◽  
PR Shakya ◽  
B Gelal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Background: Iodine deficiency remains a significant health problem in developing countries, including Nepal.   Objective: This study was conducted to measure the iodine status of school children in two districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal by estimating median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a population parameter in the school children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2010 to July 2011 in school children (6-12 years of age) of two hilly districts of Eastern Nepal, Dhankuta and Tehrathum. A total of 154 school age children from the two districts were chosen for the study after obtaining written consent from their guardians and school authority. UIC was estimated in these school children by ammonium persulphate digestion microplate method. Results: Among the school age children selected for the study median inter-quartile range (IQR) of urinary iodine in Dhankuta (n=63) and Tehrathum (n=91) districts were 214.04 (126.44; 323.0) μg/L and 252.34 (161.81; 301.63) μg/L. No significant differences were observed between the median UIC of these two districts (p=0.235). Among the school children in Dhankuta districts 2(3.2%) were severely deficient, 4(6.3%) were moderately deficient and 6(9.5%) were mildly deficient. In Tehrathum district 2(2.2%) were moderately deficient and 5(5.5%) were mildly deficient. Conclusion: The present study showed improved iodine status with optimal levels of median urinary iodine concentration in the two districts, Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal. Regular monitoring of population median urinary iodine concentration is recommended for sustainable optimal iodine nutrition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7986 Sunsari Technical College Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 38-41

scholarly journals Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elilta Elias ◽  
Workneh Tsegaye ◽  
Barbara J. Stoecker ◽  
Tafere Gebreegziabher
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Age ◽  
Salt Iodization

Abstract Background Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The multiple effects of iodine deficiency on human health are called iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). IDDs have been common nutritional problems in Ethiopia. In 2012, Ethiopia launched a national salt iodization program to address IDDs. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of this program after 5 years by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and prevalence of goiter in school age children as well as household salt iodine concentration (SIC). Methods A school-based cross-sectional design was employed. After ethical approval, 408 children from eight randomly selected primary schools provided urine samples. UIC was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). A 10 g salt sample was collected from each household of a sampled child. SIC was analyzed with a digital electronic iodine checker (WYD, UNICEF) and goiter was assessed by palpation. Results The mean (±SD) age of the children was 9 ± 2 years. The prevalence of goiter was 4.2% and no child had grade 2 goiter. The median (IQR) UIC was 518 (327, 704) μg/L and UIC ranged from 3.1 to 2530 μg/L. Of the salt samples, 15.6% were not adequately iodized (< 15 ppm), 39.3% were adequately iodized (≥15 to ≤40 ppm), and 45.1% were > 40 ppm. SIC ranged from 4.2 to 195 ppm. Of the mothers, 92% said iodized salt prevents goiter and 8% mentioned prevents mental retardation. Conclusions In 2017 iodine deficiency was no longer a public health problem in the study area. However, the high variability in UIC and SIC and excessive iodine intake are of great concern. It is vital to ensure that salt is homogenously iodized at the production site before being distributed to consumers.

scholarly journals Iodine Status of Taiwanese Population in 2013: 10 Years After Changing From Mandatory to Voluntary Salt Iodization

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Fen Wang ◽  
Kam-Tsun Tang ◽  
Wen-Harn Pan ◽  
Justin Ging-Shing Won ◽  
Yao-Te Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Taiwanese Population ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Health Organization

Background: In 2003, Taiwan’s iodine policy changed from mandatory to voluntary. The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2001-2002 for schoolchildren showed adequate iodine nutrition, while NAHSIT 2005-2008 for adults showed the iodine status was at borderline adequacy. Objective: To investigate the iodine status of the Taiwanese population from schoolchildren to adulthood 10 years after the change of the salt iodization policy. Method: Urinary iodine was measured in samples from subjects in NAHSIT 2013. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the Taiwanese population aged 6 years and above in 2013 was 96 μg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. The median UIC of 6- to 12-year-old schoolchildren was 124 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 92-213 μg/L), and 115 μg/L (IQR: 80-166 μg/L), 125 μg/L (IQR: 74-161 μg/L), 73 μg/L (IQR: 52-131 μg/L), and 78 μg/L (IQR: 52-132 μg/L) in populations aged 13 to 18 years, 19 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, and ≥65 years, respectively. Declining iodine nutrition in age groups ≥45 years old was noted that the median UIC of populations aged 45 to 64 years and ≥65 years was 99 and 88 μg/L, respectively, in NAHSIT 2005-2008. The median UIC of schoolchildren was not lower than that during the mandatory salt fortification period, but the distribution of urinary iodine levels signified a dietary pattern change. Conclusion: Wide-ranging variation in iodine nutrition levels was observed in different age groups. Universal salt iodization, as suggested by the World Health Organization, should be the best strategy to achieve adequate iodine nutrition.

scholarly journals Thyroid stimulating hormone isn’t a sensitive indicator of iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Renata De Oliveira Campos ◽  
Joaquim Custódio Silva Júnior ◽  
Elton Estrela Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> iodine deficiency </em><em>disorders (IDD)</em><em> </em><em>are most common cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation and stunted growth in children</em><em> worldwide. Several indicators are complementary to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for assessing iodine nutritional status, as thyroid size, thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in the blood.</em><strong><em> Objective:</em></strong><em> </em><em>analyze TSH in filter paper blood values and correlate with UIC in schoolchildren from public school at state of Bahia, Brazil</em><em>. <strong>Methodology: </strong></em><em>cross-sectional study was conducted in 880 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years, randomly selected, of public schools in five cities of four micro-regions of Bahia between October 2013 and September 2014. TSH was analyzed in filter-paper blood and UIC were measured by adapted Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. </em><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> 880 blood samples on filter-paper were analyzed for TSH. The reference range previously established is 0.72 to 6.0 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/mL</em><em>. Results of this research TSH dosage ranged from 0.24 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L to</em><em> 7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L,</em><em> with a mean of 1.01±0.55 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em> and median 0.89 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em>. Only one child presented TSH greater than 6.0 (7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L); however, results of urinary iodine were consistent with a more than adequate nutrition iodine (243.70</em><em>μ</em><em>g/L). There’ no correlation between TSH and UIC (r= 0.115; p= 0.002)</em><em>.</em><em> </em><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em>  in the present study, schoolchildren showed low values of TSH, but the mean UIC was indicative of adequate iodine nutrition</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Zhengshui Chong ◽  
Lihui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

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