scholarly journals Does Vertical Ground Reaction Force of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints Change in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis after Spinal Fusion?

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Mohd Imran Yusof ◽  
Shazlin Shaharudin ◽  
Prema Sivalingarajah
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Cobb Angle ◽  
Spinal Fusion ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
Vertical Ground

<sec><title>Study Design</title><p>Comparative cross-sectional study.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>We measured the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during normal gait in normal patients, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with a Cobb angle &lt;40° and in AIS patients with spinal fusion. We aimed to investigate whether vGRF in the aforementioned joints is altered in these three groups of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Overview of Literature</title><p>vGRF of the lower limb joints may be altered in these groups of patients. Although it is known that excessive force in the joints may induce early arthritis, there is limited relevant information in the literatures.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We measured vGRF of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during heel strike, early stance, mid stance, and toe-off phases in normal subjects (group 1, n=14), AIS patients with Cobb angle &lt;40° (group 2, n=14), and AIS patients with spinal fusion (group 3, n=13) using a gait analysis platform. Fifteen auto-reflective tracking markers were attached to standard anatomical landmarks in both the lower limbs. The captured motion images were used to define the orientations of the body segments and force exerted on the force plate using computer software. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and analysis of variance to examine differences between the right and left sides as well as those among the different subject groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The measurements during the four gait phases in all the groups did not show any significant difference (<italic>p</italic>&gt;0.05). In addition, no significant difference was found in the vGRF measurements of all the joints among the three groups (<italic>p</italic>&gt;0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>A Cobb angle &lt;40° and spinal fusion did not significantly create imbalance or alter vGRF of the lower limb joints in AIS patients.</p></sec>

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

An analysis of preoperative shoulder and neck balance and surgical outcome in 111 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with two subtypes of Lenke 1 curves

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Chris Yin Wei Chan ◽  
Chee Kidd Chiu ◽  
Yun Hui Ng ◽  
Saw Huan Goh ◽  
Xin Yi Ler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Cobb Angle ◽  
Surgical Outcome ◽  
Posterior Spinal Fusion ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Shoulder Balance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Postoperative Shoulder Imbalance ◽  
Postoperative Shoulder

OBJECTIVEThe incidence of postoperative shoulder imbalance following posterior spinal fusion (PSF) is still high in Lenke 1 curves despite following current treatment recommendations for upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) selection. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify differences in preoperative shoulder balance and to report the surgical outcome of two subtypes of Lenke 1 curves (flexible vs stiff) in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).METHODSThe authors grouped patients’ curves as Lenke 1–ve (flexible) when their preoperative proximal thoracic side bending (PTSB) Cobb angle was < 15° and as Lenke 1+ve (stiff) when the PTSB Cobb angle was 15°–24.9°. The authors hypothesized that these two subtypes had distinct preoperative and postoperative shoulder and neck balance following PSF using pedicle screw constructs.RESULTSFifty patients had Lenke 1 (flexible) curves and 61 had Lenke 1 (stiff) curves. The mean preoperative T1 tilt for patients with Lenke 1 (flexible) was −4.9° ± 5.3°, and for those with Lenke 1 (stiff) curves it was −1.0° ± 5.3° (p < 0.001). Mean cervical axis (CA) was −0.1° ± 3.2° for Lenke 1 (flexible) curves and 2.3° ± 3.5° for Lenke 1 (stiff) curves (p < 0.001). Preoperative radiographic shoulder height (RSH) and clavicle angle (Cla-A) were similar between the two curve subtypes. Following surgery, there were significant differences between the subtypes in terms of T1 tilt (p < 0.001), RSH (p = 0.014), and Cla-A (p = 0.031). Interestingly, 41.0% of patients with a Lenke 1 (stiff) curve had +ve T1 tilt compared to 2.0% in Lenke 1 (flexible) group. Moreover, 26.2% of patients with the Lenke 1 (stiff) curve had +ve RSH compared to 12.0% of those with Lenke 1 (flexible) curves. And, 24.6% of patients with Lenke 1 (stiff) had +ve Cla-A compared to 10.0% of those with Lenke 1 (flexible) curves.CONCLUSIONSLenke 1 (flexible) and Lenke 1 (stiff) curves had distinct preoperative T1 tilt and CA measurements. Following PSF, the authors noted +ve T1 tilt in 41% of patients with Lenke 1 (stiff) curves versus 2.0% in those with Lenke 1 (flexible) curves. The authors also noted a significant difference in postoperative RSH and Cla-A measurements.

scholarly journals Vertical ground reaction force analysis during gait with unstable shoes

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466
Author(s):  
Giulia Pereira ◽  
Aluísio Otavio Vargas Avila ◽  
Rudnei Palhano
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unstable Shoes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction Footwear is no longer just an accessory but also a protection for the musculoskeletal system, and its most important characteristic is comfort.Objectives This study aims to identify and to analyze the vertical ground reaction force in barefoot women and women with unstable shoes.Methodology Five women aged 25 ± 4 years old and mass of 50 ± 7 kg participated in this study. An AMTI force plate was used for data acquisition. The 10 trials for each situation were considered valid where the subject approached the platform with the right foot and at the speed of 4 km/h ± 5%. The instable shoe of this study is used in the practice of physical activity.Results The results showed that the first peak force was higher for the footwear situation, about 5% and significant differences between the barefoot and footwear situation. This significant difference was in the first and second peaks force and in the time of the second peak.Conclusion The values showed that the footwear absorbs approximately 45% of the impact during gait.

A Subject Specific Kinematic and Kinetic Relationship During a Single-Leg Drop Landing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Yin Tse ◽  
Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi ◽  
Ashkan Vaziri ◽  
Paul K. Canavan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Valgus Angle ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Vertical Ground

A single-leg landing is a common type of high-risk maneuver performed by athletes. The majority of anterior cruciate ligament injury is accounted for by non-contact mechanisms, such as single-leg landings. The purpose of this study was to develop a subject specific single-leg drop landing to analyze the kinematics and kinetics of two different types of landings. Kinematic data was analyzed at five points during the landing phase: initial contact (IC), peak vertical ground reaction force (pVGRF), peak joint reaction force (pJRF), maximum knee flexion (MKF), and maximum valgus angle (MFP). A linear relationship was noted in comparing the average maximum peak vertical ground reaction force, average maximum knee flexion, and average maximum valgus angle to the platform heights in both landing styles. An increase in platform height was directly related to increased knee valgus angle in both landing styles. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted in the peak vertical ground reaction force between the 60% and 80% platform heights, as well as between 60% and 100% with arms above. Landing with arms across the body yielded more significant difference (p < 0.05) between platform heights in both frontal and sagittal planes. However, comparing both landing styles to each other only yielded significant difference (p < 0.05) at the 100% platform height. A valgus-varus-valgus movement was observed in all landings, and is a probable contributor to single-leg landing ACL ruptures.

scholarly journals Functional deficits in post-operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Anthony Rafferty ◽  
Bernard Donne ◽  
Patrick Kiely ◽  
Neil Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Spinal Fusion ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fusion Surgery ◽  
Joint Flexibility ◽  
Spinal Fusion Surgery ◽  
Muscle Testing ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: Little or no research currently exists investigating musculoskeletal strength, joint flexibility and cardiopulmonary capacity post-operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. PURPOSE: To explore if AIS patients following spinal fusion surgery have deficiencies in strength, endurance joint flexibility and pulmonary capacity (>12-month post-operative) compared to a matched sample of the general population. METHODS: This retrospective case control study; AIS group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20) matched for gender, age and anthropometrics. Participants underwent standardised tests to establish pulmonary capacity via spirometry, upper and lower limb strength via manual muscle testing, upper and lower limb endurance via press-up and wall squat tests and joint flexibility via manual goniometry. Within session reliability and reproducibility of variables were assessed. RESULTS: No significant differences between AIS and control cohorts were identified for mass (57.1±9.0 vs. 62.8±9.0kg), height (164.7±6.3 vs. 165.6±6.0cm) or BMI (21.2±4.0 vs. 22.9±2.7). Pulmonary and musculoskeletal deficiencies in the AIS cohort were identified, including significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC; 2.6±0.5 vs. 3.3±0.5L, P < 0.001) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, 2.8±0.6 vs. 3.3±0.5L, P < 0.001); restrictions in shoulder flexion (P < 0.01) and internal rotation (P < 0.001) weaker bilateral pinch grip (P < 0.01) and bilateral hip adductor strength (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results highlight that AIS patients still have major pulmonary and musculoskeletal impairments over a year after spinal fusion surgery. Clinicians should consider periodic assessment of pulmonary and musculoskeletal function with comparison to these age-matched reference values in order to improve the post-operative rehabilitation process.

Effect of Sprung (Suspended) Floor on Lower Extremity Stiffness during a Force-returning Ballet Jump

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hackney ◽  
Sara Brummel ◽  
Dana Becker ◽  
Aubrey Selbo ◽  
Sandra Koons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
High Stiffness ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Low Stiffness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Floor Condition

Our objective in this study was to compare stiffness of bilateral lower extremities (LEs) in ballet dancers performing sauté on a low-stiffness “sprung floor” to that during the same movement on a high-stiffness floor (wood on concrete). LE stiffness was calculated as the ratio of vertical ground reaction force (in kN) to compression of the lower limb (in meters). Seven female dancers were measured for five repetitions each at the point of maximum leg compression while performing sauté on both of the surfaces, such that 43 ms of data were represented for each trial. The stiffness of bilateral LEs at the point of maximum compression was higher by a mean difference score of 2.48±2.20 kN/m on the low-stiffness floor compared to a high-stiffness floor. Paired t-test analysis of the difference scores yielded a one-tailed probability of 0.012. This effect was seen in six out of seven participants (one participant showed no difference between floor conditions). The finding of increased stiffness of the LEs in the sprung floor condition suggests that some of the force of landing the jump was absorbed by the surface, and therefore did not need to be absorbed by the participants’ LEs themselves. This in turn implies that a sprung dance floor may help to prevent dance-related injuries.

scholarly journals Percentage Contribution of Lower Limb Moments to Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Normal Gait

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salam M. Elhafez ◽  
Ahmed A. Ashour ◽  
Naglaa M. Elhafez ◽  
Ghada M. Elhafez ◽  
Azza M. Abdelmohsen
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Normal Gait ◽  
Vertical Ground
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