Relation between Endothelial Protein C Receptor Gene Polymorphisms rs867186 and rs9574, and the Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Sudanese

Introduction Deep vein thrombosis is a multifactorial disease with many acquired and genetic risk factors. Polymorphism in the APOE gene is an upcoming potential pathogenic factor whose role is unclear in deep vein thrombosis. Methods An equal number of deep vein thrombosis cases and controls (N = 100, each) were investigated for APOE gene polymorphisms along with known acquired and hereditable thrombophilic risk factors. APOE genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction. Results The ε3/ε4 and ε2/ε3 APOE genotypes were commoner in deep vein thrombosis cases than controls but not statistically significant ( ε3/ε4 → 18% versus 11%, OR = 1.776, CI = 0.792–3.984, p = 0.16; ε2/ε3 →10% versus 9%, OR = 1.123, CI = 0.436–2.895, p = 0.809). However, the following risk factors were found to be laterally associated with APOE genotypes in cases of deep vein thrombosis: pregnancy with ε2/ε3 genotype positivity (N = 29; p = 0.019), recurrent pregnancy loss with ε3/ε3 genotype (N = 29; p = 0.016), normal antithrombin levels with ε3/ε3 genotype (N = 62; p = 0.03) and non-O blood group with ε3/ε4 genotype (N = 100; p = 0.023). Conclusion APOE genotypes have shown only a modest association with deep vein thrombosis and were not statistically significant. A lateral association of these genotypes with thrombophilic risk factors was observed which may be investigated further for the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and their therapeutic implications.

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Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and hyperfibrinogenemia in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) among patients who underwent high risk orthopaedic surgery

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.v13i1.130 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Ismail Ismail ◽

D. A.L. Tobing ◽

A. Bachtiar ◽

U. P. Siregar ◽

K. L. Tambunan

Keyword(s):

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

High Risk ◽

Orthopaedic Surgery ◽

Protein C ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Protein S ◽

C Protein ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein

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Homozygous deficiency of protein c with neonatal deep vein thrombosis and new symptoms at young age

Thrombosis Research ◽

10.1016/0049-3848(93)90459-2 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. S107

Author(s):

V. De Stefano ◽

S. Mastrangelo ◽

M.S. Iovino ◽

P. Pola ◽

R. Flore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Protein C ◽

Young Age ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein

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Successful treatment of deep vein thrombosis in homozygous protein C deficiency with activated protein C

American Journal of Hematology ◽

10.1002/ajh.2830440325 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 218-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hideo Wada ◽

Katsumi Deguch ◽

Shigeru Shirakawa ◽

Koji Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Successful Treatment ◽

Protein C ◽

Activated Protein C ◽

Protein C Deficiency ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein

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Frequency of Thrombophilic Gene Mutations in Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis and in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.1515/biol-2017-0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 162-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahmoud Mohamed Elgari ◽

Nadir Ahmed Ibrahim ◽

Abdel Rahim Mahmoud Muddathir ◽

Faris Mergheni Eltoom ◽

Ibrahim M Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Protein C ◽

Pregnancy Loss ◽

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽

Factor V Leiden ◽

Protein S ◽

Prothrombin G20210a ◽

Factor V ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein

AbstractThrombophilia may be anticipated by single or combined hereditary defects in encoding genes factor V, Prothrombin, and MTHFR. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risks of V Leiden (G1691A), Prothrombin (G20210A), and MTHFR (C677T) mutations in Saudi women with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Protein C and protein S activity were measured to determine combined effects, if any. We examined 60 women with a history of DVT and 60 with RPL, extracted DNA from EDTA blood and determined three mutations by using multiplex PCR reactions followed by Strip Assay KIT. Pro C Global assay was used to determine the cutoff value [PCATNR = 0.80]. Protein C/S chromogenic assay was used to estimate protein C and S percentages. Frequency of Factor V Leiden G/A genotype in patients with DVT 7 (11.6%) had a significant association for DVT χ2 (OR = 5.1, P = 0.03). In women with RPL the three mutations did not show any significant association, levels of Protein C, protein S and PCAT-NR in patient groups not different from controls (P > 0.05). In conclusion, we recommend expanding on these data to provide larger-scale studies.

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Protein C Inhibitor and Other Components of the Protein C Pathway in Patients with Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis during Heparin Treatment

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1645051 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 63 (03) ◽

pp. 380-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D Tabernero ◽

F España ◽

V Vicente ◽

A Estellés ◽

J Gilabert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Protein C ◽

Normal Values ◽

Protein S ◽

Mean Value ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Heparin Treatment ◽

Protein C Inhibitor ◽

Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Deep Vein

SummaryThe protein C inhibitor (PCI) concentration and other parameters of the protein C pathway were studied in 19 patients with symptomatic acute deep vein thrombosis before and during the first 5 days of heparin treatment. The mean levels of PCI antigen and activity decreased rapidly and significantly during the first day of heparin therapy from 83 and 81% to 60 and 59% of the pooled normal human plasma (p <0.01), respectively, and to 56 and 54% after 5 days of treatment (p <0.01). In contrast, antithrom-bin III decreased progressively 25% during 5 days of heparin treatment. Protein C antigen and activity and total protein S remained unchanged during heparin treatment. Free protein S was decreased before heparin treatment (83%, p <0.05) and increased to normal values after 5 days of treatment. C4b-binding protein was significantly increased before and during heparin treatment (p <0.01). Activated protein C (APC) complexed to its two major plasma inhibitors, PCI and α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) were measured by specific ELISA’s. Before treatment, 18 of the 19 patients studied had increased levels of APC: α1AT complexes with a mean value of 27 ± 22 ng/ml (range, 6−86 ng/ml) compared to normal values (8 ± 2 ng/ml) and 12 of the patients also had detectable APC:PCI complex levels with a mean value of 11 ±17 ng/ml (range, 5−68 ng/ml). Both APC:inhibitor complexes decreased significantly during heparin treatment.

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On the Significance of Antithrombin-III, α2-Macroglobulin, α2-Antiplasmin, Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein, and Protein C in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Deep Vein Thrombosis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657883 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (02) ◽

pp. 503-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jørgen Gram ◽

Jørgen Jespersen

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Protein C ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Α2 Macroglobulin ◽

Deep Vein

SummaryIn a longitudinal study the plasma levels of antithrombin-III, α2-macroglobulin, α2-antiplasmin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, and protein C were followed in two groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), one with and one without deep vein thrombosis (DVT). None of the sequentially studied periods revealed significant differences between the two groups of patients. However, small but consistently higher levels of histidine-rich glycoprotein in patients with DVT suggested the existence among patients submitted for myocardial infarction of a subgroup with increased thrombophilic potential. It was concluded that the inhibitors studied are of little value as possible indicators of the presence of DVT at early stages of the disease when clinical signs are absent and when antithrombotic prophylaxis should preferably be initiated.

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