scholarly journals Archery by the Apaches – implications of using the bow and arrow in hunter-gatherer communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 515-525
Author(s):  
Žiga Šmit
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Model Calculation ◽  
Air Drag ◽  
Old World ◽  
Regression Procedure ◽  
Flat Part ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Ballistic Trajectory

This review focuses on the technical and social details of production, training, and use of archery equipment by a Native American tribe, the Apaches. The study aims to understand the use of the bow in the Mesolithic and Early and Middle Neolithic societies of the Old World. The paper further describes arrow ballistics. An arrow and bow with similar dimensions and materials to those used by the Apaches was reconstructed and used in ballistic experiments. Shooting and the subsequent model calculation showed that the effective range of arrows made of reed and projected by a bow of medium strength (16–18kg) was not more than approx. 20m. Due to the initial flat part of the ballistic trajectory, such arrows were quite efficient in close-range contests. Within the model calculation, a regression procedure was introduced to determine the arrow air-drag parameters from an ensemble of shots.

Developments in the Archaeology of Nuclear America, 1935-60

1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
New World ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
Origins Of Agriculture ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Culture Process

AbstractArchaeological developments in the zone extending from Mesoamerica to the Andes are summarized in terms of the following topics: early man, the origins of agriculture, the interrelationships of the Nuclear American cultures, the ethnic identification of archaeological complexes, horizonal and tradition formulations, the place of Nuclear America in the hemisphere, relationships between the New World and the Old World, the rise of native American civilizations, and main trends since 1935. These trends include increasing chronological control, greater awareness of context, growing interest in culture process, and more clarity and precision in definitions.

The Galaxy and American Democratic Culture, 1866–1878

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Robert J. Scholnick
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Walt Whitman ◽  
Literary Magazines ◽  
Old World ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Genteel Culture

During the post-Civil War decades, the major Eastern literary magazines – the Atlantic, Scribner's, Harper's – came to serve, in Malcolm Cowley's phrase, as the “principal voices of the genteel era.” The business of the magazines – with Boston's Atlantic at the head – was delivering “culture” to the middle class. As Walt Whitman wrote in his essay “Personalism,” published in The Galaxy in May 1868, “The writers of a time hint the mottoes of its gods. The word of the modern, say these voices, is the word Culture.” But in pointing out that the culture everywhere advocated by American writers was based largely on European models, Whitman exposes a pathetic irony: “Never, in the Old World, was thoroughly upholster'd exterior appearance and show, mental and other, built entirely on the idea of caste, and on the sufficiency of mere outside acquisition – never were glibness, verbal intellect, more the test, the emulation – more loftily elevated as head and sample – than they are on the surface of our republican States this day.” In their slavish worship of European models and consequent devaluation of the native, American writers had become the high priests of a thin and bloodless “culture” that was distributed abroad through the magazines.Whitman shrewdly recognized, as Alan Trachtenberg has written, that genteel culture had become an instrument of “social control.”

Tamales or Timbales: Cuisine and the Formation of Mexican National Identity, 1821–1911

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Pilcher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native American ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pork Sausage ◽  
Salvador Novo ◽  
Divine Inspiration ◽  
Chile Peppers ◽  
Corn Tortillas

Mexican writers of the twentieth century have often imagined cuisine to be a symbol of their national identity, a mestizo blend of Native American and Spanish influences. Salvador Novo, for example, a member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua and official chronicler of Mexico City, traced the beginnings of mestizaje to the “happy encounter” between corn tortillas and pork sausage that produced the first taco. The most common culinary metaphor for the Mexican nation was mole poblano (turkey in deep-brown sauce). Authors in the 1920s began attributing the origins of this dish to the convents of colonial Puebla, and in particular to Sor Andrea de la Asunción of the Dominican Santa Rosa cloister. About 1680 she supposedly combined seasonings from the Old World with chile peppers from the New in honor of Viceroy Tomás Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón. Mole thus represented Mexico’s “cosmic race,” created by divine inspiration and served up for the approval of the Spanish crown.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Old World Diseases in North America, A.D. 1519–1807

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Old World ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Disease

Over the last 25 years, a significant amount of archaeological and ethnohistoric research has produced data on Native American population trends after European contact. These include the timing and severity of depopulation and specific Old World diseases, allowing for meta-analytical research on a variety of topics. These data have been used in studies to explore the severity of depopulation, but the spatial and temporal patterns of diseases have been studied less. This research employs spatial analysis methods—Mantel tests and kriging—to study the relationship between the location and timing of Old World disease events on continental and regional scales, with the goal of examining how diseases spread over time and space. The results show that the timing of disease-related depopulation closely correlated with location, indicating that disease events clustered with regard to time and space. This strongly suggests that individual disease events impacted local populations and did not spread long distances (> 300 km) until the late seventeenth century. The analysis also reveals variations in the speed with which diseases spread. Interpreting the results with respect to pathogen, host, and environmental factors suggests that population distributions and landscape may have played significant roles in where and how fast diseases spread.

The New World and the Rise of European Capitalist Hegemony: Some Historiographical Perspectives

Itinerario ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
William A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Old World ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Age Of Discovery

The Columbian legacy also involved catastrophic demographic collapse and brutal exploitation. Within fifty years of Spanish occupation, native populations of the Caribbean archipelago verged on extinction; after eighty years, demographic decline in Mexico and Central America may have reached ninety percent. Although epidemiological transfers devastated American Indians, other aspects of inter-hemispheric biological exchange substantially enhanced the world's capacity to support human life. Eurasian grazing stock (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) as well as animals of burden (horses and oxen) were introduced to the Americas while native American plants — not least, the potato, maize, tomato, various beans, and squash — were transferred to the Eastern Hemisphere. Precious metals were also conveyed to the Old World with effects that continue to be debated upon European economic growth, the distribution of wealth, the organization of power, and the conduct of war. Africa's portion of the Columbian legacy was to supply 5/6ths of the human migrants from the Eastern to the Western Hemisphere between 1492 and 1775 and to experience the domestic transformations dictated by the Atlantic slave trade. Taken together, the convergence of continents in the age of discovery would appear to have shaped the modern world, as Abbe Raynal implied. But did it? From Raynal's time to our own, how have historians related these developments to the advent of modernity or to the establishment of Europe's global economic paramountcy? Did the development of the Old World hinge upon the discovery of the New?

The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Eastern North America: A View from Central Arkansas

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Nassaney ◽  
Kendra Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Eastern Woodlands ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Plum Bayou ◽  
Point Form

North American archaeologists have long been interested in distinguishing between dart and arrow points in order to establish when bow-and-arrow technology was adopted in the Eastern Woodlands. A quantitative analysis of point form and qualitative reconstructions of bifacial reduction trajectories from Plum Bayou culture sites in central Arkansas indicate that arrow points were abruptly adopted and became widespread about A.D. 600. Moreover, arrow points are metrically discrete entities that were not developed through gradual modification of dart points in this region as appears to be the case elsewhere. Comparisons with patterns observed in other regions of the East show significant variation in the timing, rate, and direction of the adoption of the bow and arrow, as well as the role of this technological change in Native American economies and sociopolitics. These observations suggest that the bow and arrow were: (1) introduced significantly earlier than some researchers have posited; (2) independently invented by some groups and diffused to others; and (3) relinquished and later readopted in some areas of the Eastern Woodlands in response to changing social, historical, and environmental conditions. Our data also call into question simple unilinear or diffusionary models that claim to explain the development and spread of this technological innovation.

Ultrastructure and analytical microprobe analysis of simian lung mite pigments

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 324-325
Author(s):  
R. W. Cole ◽  
J. C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lung Mite ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
Cardiopulmonary System

In recent years, non-human primates have become indispensable as experimental animals in many fields of biomedical research. Pharmaceutical and related industries alone use about 2000,000 primates a year. Respiratory mite infestations in lungs of old world monkeys are of particular concern because the resulting tissue damage can directly effect experimental results, especially in those studies involving the cardiopulmonary system. There has been increasing documentation of primate parasitology in the past twenty years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document