scholarly journals Occurrence of bacteraemia following oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1692-700
Author(s):  
Omokaro Osaiyuwu
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Prophylactic Agent ◽  
Facultative Anaerobes ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The Government

Study Design: A prospective study of 130 patients attending the Government Dental and Maxillofacial Hospital (now Maxillofacial unit, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital), Port Harcourt, between August 2018 and September 2019. Objective: To examine the factors that affect the occurrence of a bacteremia associated with oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures, and the types of bacteria causing this bacteremia, and establish the need or otherwise for prophylactic antibiotics in, ‘at risk’ patients. Methods: 130 healthy adult patients requiring various oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures under local anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1: 100,000 adrenaline, were screened bacteriologically to determine the occurrence of a bacteremia. 5 milliliters of venous blood was collected from the antecubital vein of each patient preoperatively and within 3 minutes postoperatively. The samples collected were cultured and bacteriological identification done and analyzed. Results: Bacteremia was found in 43 (33.1%) of 130 patients postoperatively. In patients undergoing extractions, bacteremia occurred more frequently when teeth were extracted due to inflammatory dental diseases. There was no statistical correlation between the occurrence of a bacteremia and the number of teeth extracted (p>0.05). Of the 70 isolates obtained postoperatively, 5 (6.4%) were aerobes, 51 (65.4%) were facultative anaerobes (including microaerophiles) and 14 (17.9%) were anaerobes. Among the facultative anaerobes (including microaerophiles), the most frequently isolated bacteria generawere species of Staphylococcus (25.7%), Streptococcus spp. (17.1%) and Streptococcus viridans (15.7%) and among the anaerobes, Bacteriodes spp. (8.6%) were the most frequently isolated. All the isolates were sensitive to azithromycin, amikacin, imipenemand meropenem. However, 3 (30%) of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, which is a commonly used drug for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study shows the occurrence of bacteremia in Nigerians following various oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures and that the observed bacteremia was not dependent on the patient’s age or gender. This study emphasizes the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in those patients who are at risk of developing complications from bacteremia. Amoxicillin as this study shows will not be an effective antibiotic prophylactic agent in a majority of patients. The author therefore recommends the use of azithromycin as an alternative prophylactic agent in those patients. Keywords: Bacteremia; bacteria isolates; antimicrobial prophylaxis; Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Sonko protests will embolden Senegal’s opposition

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Targeted Attacks ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Disorder ◽  
Unemployed Youth ◽  
Roll Out

Significance He had been arrested for disrupting public disorder and attending an illegal demonstration after protests erupted as he responded to a court summons concerning rape allegations. His arrest and detention has triggered wider unrest and a public backlash against President Macky Sall and his government. Impacts Sall will increase budgetary spending to try to appease the growing numbers of unemployed youth. Deep public mistrust of the government could hamper COVID-19 vaccine roll-out. With anti-French sentiment increasing, French businesses will be at risk of further targeted attacks during protests.

Suspected Down Syndrome in one of non-identical twins in Ile-Ife: A case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akaninyene Eseme Ubom ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Advanced Maternal Age ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
Chromosomal Disorder ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
University Teaching Hospitals

Nigerian women of southwest extraction have the highest rate of dizygotic twinning worldwide, with a reported incidence as high as 49 per 1000 deliveries. Among the risk factors for dizygotic twinning is advanced maternal age, which is also an independent risk factor for Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder affecting live born neonates. It occurs very rarely in twins, seen in 14-15 per million non-identical twins. Down syndrome in one of non-identical twins was first reported in Nigeria by Otaigbe in Port Harcourt, in 2007. Herein, we report another case of suspected Down syndrome in one of non-identical twins born to a 41-year-old grand multiparous woman at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria. Keywords: Down Syndrome; dizygotic; fraternal; dichorionic; diamniotic.

E-Documents and E-Signatures in Tanzania

2012 ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubena John
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Ict Infrastructure ◽  
The Government

This chapter analyses the use of e-Documents and e-Signatures in Tanzania with a view of establishing their legal status, applicability, and the future of such technologies in e-Government systems. That is important as Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is widely employed in Tanzania. Moreover, the development and application of information systems is influenced by law. Therefore, the problem investigated is twofold: First, legal status, validity, and admissibility of e-Documents and e-Signatures in evidence in Tanzania are questioned. Second, the challenges facing the establishment of e-Government in Tanzania are explored. The chapter is a qualitative study, i.e. library- and desk-based research. Various literatures focusing on e-Documents and e-Signatures are reviewed, analysed, and evaluated so as to draw a conclusion on the relevancy of e-Documents and e-Signatures in the e-Government projects in Tanzania. The literature analysis conducted found that there is a lack of legal framework to recognize e-Documents and e-Signatures compounded with poor ICT infrastructure in Tanzania. This scenario puts e-Government endeavours at risk. It is recommended that the government should enact the laws to recognise e-Documents and e-Signatures to boost e-Commerce as well as e-Government.

Surgical Exposures

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Shoulder Function ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Neurovascular Structures ◽  
Large Muscle

Adequate exposure is critical for any of the open surgical procedures described in this book. Although exposures may need to be modified, most of the time the same approaches are used for various procedures. Small variations on exposures also exist that are based on surgeons’ preferences. All shoulder exposures are somewhat complicated by three particular issues related to the anatomy of the shoulder region. First, the deltoid is a large muscle that wraps around the front, side, and back of the shoulder. Second, the rotator cuff, so important for shoulder function, oftentimes needs to be divided and repaired. Finally, a number of neurovascular structures are very close to the shoulder joint and at risk for injury.

scholarly journals Disaster risk reduction in Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa T.M. Al-Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
International Society ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time ◽  
Acute Crisis

Iraq is at risk of multiple hazards including both natural and man-made calamities. Little effort had been made before 2003 to address the disaster risk; even though many legislations enacted to provide a relief in the event of the acute crisis, they were mainly focused on the reactive response to the calamities without taking into consideration the prevention, preparedness and mitigation approach. The recent years have witnessed some positive attitude from the government and international society to develop strategies for disaster risk reduction in Iraq. Iraq for the first time has drafted a law that is distinctive for the disasters. The purpose of this article is to review the possibilities and challenges of disaster risk reduction in Iraq.

scholarly journals Methodology and Baseline Results From the Evaluation of a Sexuality Education Activity in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilene S. Speizer ◽  
Mahua Mandal ◽  
Khou Xiong ◽  
Aiko Hattori ◽  
Ndinda Makina-Zimalirana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
The Government

In South Africa, adolescents and young adults (ages 15–24) are at risk of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. Recently, the Department of Basic Education has revised its sexuality education content and teaching strategies (using scripted lessons plans) as part of its life orientation curriculum. This paper presents the methodology and baseline results from the evaluation of the scripted lesson plans and supporting activities. A rigorous cluster-level randomized design with random assignment of schools as clusters is used for the evaluation. Baseline results from grade 8 female and male learners and grade 10 female learners demonstrate that learners are at risk of HIV and early and unintended pregnancies. Multivariable analyses demonstrate that household-level food insecurity and living with an HIV-positive person are associated with sexual experience and pregnancy experience. Implications are discussed for strengthening the current life orientation program for future scale-up by the government of South Africa.

The Cardiovascular Effects and Histamine-releasing Properties of 51W89 in Patients Receiving Nitrous Oxide/Opioid/Barbiturate Anesthesia 

1995 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Lien ◽  
Matthew R. Belmont ◽  
Amy Abalos ◽  
Larissa Eppich ◽  
Steve Quessy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Muscle Relaxant ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Plasma Histamine ◽  
Elective Surgical Procedures ◽  
Rapid Injection

Background Atracurium consists of a mixture of ten stereoisomers. One of these isomers, 51W89, is a potent intermediate-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Its ED95 is 0.05 mg.kg-1 in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid anesthesia. In preclinical trials, 51W89 did not show evidence of histamine release in cats at doses up to 80 times the human ED95. This study was undertaken to determine the cardiovascular effects and histamine-releasing properties of 51W89 in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Methods Sixty patients, ASA physical status 1 or 2, anesthetized with nitrous oxide/fentanyl/thiopental were studied. Patients received either 2 times the ED95 of atracurium or 51W89 or 4 or 8 times the ED95 of 51W89 as a rapid intravenous bolus under stable anesthesia, before surgical stimulation. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by oscillometry and the electrocardiogram in patients receiving 2 times the ED95 of 51W89 or atracurium and by an intraarterial catheter and a tachograph triggered by the arterial pulse waveform in patients receiving 4 or 8 times the ED95 of 51W89. Maximal blood pressure and heart rate changes during the 5 min after administration of the muscle relaxant were recorded. Venous blood samples were obtained before the administration of relaxant and at 2 and 5 min after the administration of relaxant for determination of plasma histamine concentrations by radioenzymatic assay. Results Maximal blood pressure and heart rate changes in all groups of patients receiving 51W89 were small and similar to those observed in patients receiving 2 times the ED95 of atracurium. The mean maximum percent changes (+/- SE) in heart rate and mean arterial pressure were -0.6 +/- 1.5 and 0.4 +/- 2.5, respectively, in the group receiving 2 times the ED95 atracurium; -1.3 +/- 3.3 and 2.3 +/- 4.4, respectively, in the group receiving 2 times the ED95 51W89; -2.6 +/- 1.0 and 2.6 +/- 1.5, respectively, in the group receiving 4 times the ED95 51W89; and -2.4 +/- 1.5 and -1.0 +/- 1.3, respectively, in the group receiving 8 times the ED95 51W89. No patient developed a decrease in blood pressure > or = 20% or an increase in heart rate > or = 20% that was attributable to muscle relaxant administration. There was no dose-related change in plasma histamine concentration associated with the administration of 51W89. One patient in the study developed transient facial flushing after the administration of atracurium. Conclusions 51W89 is a benzylisoquinolinium-type, nondepolarizing muscle relaxant that does not affect plasma histamine concentrations. No cutaneous flushing or clinically important cardiovascular effects were noted after rapid injection of doses up to and including 8 times its ED95 (0.4 mg.kg-1) in healthy patients undergoing elective surgical procedures.

scholarly journals Ciudad rural sustentable de Jaltenango: aciertos y desaciertos en el ordenamiento territorial

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (56) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Jaime Torres-Fragoso ◽  
Álvaro Castañeda-Arredondo ◽  
Enrique David Gallardo-García
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
Geographic Dispersion ◽  
Municipal Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
Program Reviews

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los resultados del Programa de Ciudades Rurales Sustentables (CRS) implementado por el Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, México, tomando como referencia la Ciudad Rural Sustentable de Jaltenango (CRSJ), edificada en el municipio de Ángel Albino Corzo en el año 2012. El Programa tiene la finalidad de atender a la población en situación de riesgo ante desastres naturales, dispersión geográfica y marginación. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de cuatro de los subsistemas que componen el Programa de CRS: demográficosociocultural, económico-productivo, urbano-territorial y gestión municipal. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentran tanto los beneficios como algunos efectos no esperados de la implementación de esta política, los cuales deben ser considerados en las revisiones y evaluaciones del Programa, para mejorar las decisiones que los actores involucrados deben tomar sobre los problemas públicos que se buscan solucionar.ABSTRACT This article analyzes the results of the Sustainable Rural Cities Program (CRS, por its name in Spanish) implemented by the government of Chiapas. It refers to the Sustainable Rural City of Jaltenango, built in 2012, in the township of Angel Albino Corzo. The program aims at assisting the population at risk of natural disasters, geographic dispersion and marginalization. This paper presents the results from four subsystems of the CRS Program: socio-demography, economic productivity, urban-land, and municipal management. Results show the benefits and some unexpected effects of the implementation of this policy. These effects must be considered in the program reviews and assessment to improve the decisions that stakeholders should make if they look for solutions to public problems.

scholarly journals University didactics and their relationship with the development of research skills in students of the National University of San Martín

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. e15612
Author(s):  
Ibis López-Novoa ◽  
Manuel Padilla-Guzmán ◽  
Santiago Gallarday-Morales ◽  
Ángel Luna Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Research Skills ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
National University ◽  
San Martín

The study was carried out with a sample of 30 teachers   and 30 speakers from the VIII, IX and X cycle of the Language Studies Program of   the Faculty of Education and Humanities of the National University of San Martín, Tarapoto. In this context, implementing scientific ally conceived university didactics is a fundamental element of professional   transformation of teachers and the improvement of the training practice they develop. One of the fundamental conditions for improving the quality of university teaching lies, in our view, in making possible a substantive change in the configuration of the professional identity of university teachers. In the light of these considerations, studies that provide theoretical modelling on investigative skills are insufficient since most theoretical and empirical results focus, specifically, on the training of a profession. The careers with the greatest presence in the subject are Medicine and Bachelor of Education. In the case of the latter, the most repeated object of study is initial investigative or postgraduate training. In the research, it was raised that the act of the situation between university didactics at the National University of San Martín–Tarapoto and the development of research skills inherent in students of the VIII, IX and X cycle of the Language Studies Program are significantly related. A correlational descriptive study was conducted; theoretical methods of induction, analysis, synthesis, as well as empirical measurement methods were used, as well as statistical methods and individual survey techniques. For statistical contrast of the hypothesis, Pearson's statistical correlation technique was used; hypothesis test, there is statistical evidence with a significance level of 5%. The conclusions shape the validity of the hypotheses.

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