scholarly journals The restitution debate and return of human remains: implications for bioarchaeological research and cultural ethics in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Pearl S.N.O. Lamptey ◽  
Wazi Apoh

The calls for repatriation and restitution of African objects and human remains in unlawful Euroamerican custody are gaining global momentum. This paper examines how bioarchaeological analyses are done on legitimately excavated or acquired human remains. Such studies are assessed in tandem with the negative eugenicist practices associated with the looted African human remains that were studied in Europe and America during the periods of slavery and colonization in Africa. It further examines the issues surrounding the repatriation of human remains and discusses the implications of this practice on the ethics and cultural rights of societies in Africa. Excavated human skeletal remains from Begho are examined within their culturalcontext as a Ghanaian case study. By exploring these issues, we are of the view that the complexities in the nature of acquisition and return of human remains requires a holistic comprehension from multiple points of view rather than from a single subjective perspective. Such multiple approaches must include the need for adequate provenance and bioarchaeological research to bear on the contexts and practices associated with the anthropology of death in the societies of origin.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvie Loufouma Mbouaka ◽  
Michelle Gamble ◽  
Christina Wurst ◽  
Heidi Yoko Jäger ◽  
Frank Maixner ◽  
...  

AbstractAlthough malaria is one of the oldest and most widely distributed diseases affecting humans, identifying and characterizing its presence in ancient human remains continue to challenge researchers. We attempted to establish a reliable approach to detecting malaria in human skeletons using multiple avenues of analysis: macroscopic observations, rapid diagnostic tests, and shotgun-capture sequencing techniques, to identify pathological changes, Plasmodium antigens, and Plasmodium DNA, respectively. Bone and tooth samples from ten individuals who displayed skeletal lesions associated with anaemia, from a site in southern Egypt (third to sixth centuries AD), were selected. Plasmodium antigens were detected in five of the ten bone samples, and traces of Plasmodium aDNA were detected in six of the twenty bone and tooth samples. There was relatively good synchronicity between the biomolecular findings, despite not being able to authenticate the results. This study highlights the complexity and limitations in the conclusive identification of the Plasmodium parasite in ancient human skeletons. Limitations regarding antigen and aDNA preservation and the importance of sample selection are at the forefront of the search for malaria in the past. We confirm that, currently, palaeopathological changes such as cribra orbitalia are not enough to be certain of the presence of malaria. While biomolecular methods are likely the best chance for conclusive identification, we were unable to obtain results which correspond to the current authentication criteria of biomolecules. This study represents an important contribution in the refinement of biomolecular techniques used; also, it raises new insight regarding the consistency of combining several approaches in the identification of malaria in past populations.


2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Katzenberg ◽  
G. Oetelaar ◽  
J. Oetelaar ◽  
C. Fitzgerald ◽  
D. Yang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Sharon McCormick Derrick

Human skeletal remains were removed from the Coker Mound site (41CS1) by unidentified excavators sometime immediately prior to the Texas Archeological Society (TAS) meetings of 1995. Mike Turner, a Steward in the Office of the State Archeologists' Texas Archeological Steward Network and a founding member of the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, was able to retrieve a cranium, mandible; and six cervical vertebrae from this collection for a brief period, bringing them to the TAS meetings. It was his dedication that provided the opportunity for these remains to be studied.


Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
G T Cook ◽  
L A N Ainscough ◽  
E Dunbar

To aid in the development of a biological profile for human remains found in Collyhurst (Manchester, England), we undertook radiocarbon analysis of tooth enamel, tooth collagen, and bone collagen on behalf of the Greater Manchester Police. On the basis of the analyses of the teeth, we concluded that the person was born between 1950 and 1954, while on the basis of our analyses of cortical and trabecular bone we estimated the year of death to be between 1969 and 1974. This would make the maximum age range around 15 to 24 yr. Analyses of the dentition and other skeletal parameters can eliminate the younger part of the range, so an age of around 18 to 24 yr at death would seem most likely. The δ13C and δ15N values for the bone collagen were higher than would be expected for someone subsisting on a purely terrestrial diet, implying some consumption of marine resources, which could lead to reduced 14C activities. Taking any potential marine effect into account could reduce this age range to around 18 to 21 yr.


2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn McLaren ◽  
Donald Wilson ◽  
Rob Engl ◽  
Alan Duffy ◽  
Kathleen MacSweeney ◽  
...  

AOC Archaeology Group undertook the excavation of a previously unknown Bronze Age cist, located in a field close to Kilkeddan Farm, Argyll & Bute, during September 2005 under the Historic Scotland call-off contract for human remains. The cist was found to contain poorly surviving unburnt human skeletal remains along with a finely decorated tripartite Food Vessel and a flint knife. The incomplete and fragmentary condition of the skeleton suggests that the human remains were disarticulated at the time of deposition. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the human bone and associated charcoal confirms an early Bronze Age date for the burial.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shevan Wilkin ◽  
Kristina Killgrove

In an effort to situate the bioarchaeology of Florida within the general field, we synthesize in this article past and current research and offer prospection for future work with human remains in the state. We first detail the beginnings of archaeology in Florida, and the initial public and governmental interests regarding the area’s past occupants. Next, it is essential to consider regional and taphonomic issues in preservation of human skeletal remains and then summarize the time scale of bioarchaeological work. Past and present research programs in Florida bioarchaeology are then discussed in depth by research topic, including questions asked and methods used. Where possible, we note the location at which skeletal collections are currently stored. The future of Florida bioarchaeological study in an era following the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is also explored, including how new alliances between tribes and researchers can open a path to utilizing modern methods on previously excavated ancestral materials and new collections.


2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Holland

The ethics of non-invasive scientific research on human skeletal remains are poorly articulated and lack a single, definitive analogue in western law. Laws governing invasive research on human fleshed remains, as well as bio-ethical principles established for research on living subjects, provide effective models for the establishment of ethical guidelines for non-invasive research on human skeletal remains. Specifically, non-invasive analysis of human remains is permissible provided that the analysis and collection of resulting data (1) are accomplished with respect for the dignity of the individual, (2) do not violate the last-known desire of the deceased, (3) do not adversely impact the right of the next of kin to perform a ceremonious and decent disposal of the remains, and (4) do not unduly or maliciously violate the privacy interests of the next of kin.


Author(s):  
Linda Elisabete Mendes Melo ◽  
Ana Maria Silva

Em Março de 2012, durante os trabalhos no Bloco de Rega de Selmes (Sítio Monte do Malheiro 2, Vidigueira, Beja) foram descobertos dois hipogeus. Estes, distanciados entre si cerca de 5m, datam do Neolítico final. O espólio ósseo humano recuperado encontrava-se muito incompleto e com um elevado grau de fragmentação. O objectivo deste trabalho é documentar as práticas funerárias nestes dois sepulcros pré-históricos e obter algumas inferências antropológicas dos indivíduos depositados nestes túmulos.Do Hipogeu 1, foram recuperados três adultos em articulação e dois não adultos em contexto desarticulado. Um aspecto peculiar é a ausência total de restos ósseos cranianos neste Hipogeu permitindo sugerir manipulação óssea. O espólio arqueológico recuperado inclui lâminas em sílex, enxós e machados. No antebraço do enterramento 2 foi ainda recuperada uma pulseira de Glycymeris glycymeris, e entre as falanges das mãos do enterramento 1, 5 falanges de Ovis/Capra. Todos os achados, ósseos e arqueológicos encontravam-se tingidos por um pigmento avermelhado.No Hipogeu 2 foram identificados um indivíduo adulto em conexão anatómica e mais um adulto e dois não adultos em contexto desarticulado. Não foi recuperado qualquer espólio arqueológico deste Hipogeu que apresentava ainda indícios de perturbações antigas. Funerary practices and anthropological analysis of the human remains exhumed from the late Neolithic/Chalcolithic hypogea 1 and 2 of Monte Malheiro 2 (Selmes, Vidigueira, Beja, Portugal) - During the archaeological intervention at the “Blocos de Rega de Selmes” (Vidigueira, Beja -Portugal) in “Sítio Monte do Malheiro 2,” two hypogea were discovered. Both revealed human osteological remains dated to the Late Neolithic. The human skeletal remains from both hypogea were very incomplete and display a high level of fragmentation. The aim of the present paper is to document the funerary practices and obtain some anthropological inferences about the human remains unearthed from these two Hypogea.From Hypogeum 1, five individuals were exhumed, three adults (in situ) and two non-adults disarticulated. One peculiar aspect in this Hypogeum is the total absence of cranial bones, which suggest the practice of bone manipulation.Grave goods from this tomb include axes, polished stone adzes and flint blades. In the forearm of skeleton 2, a bracelet of Glycymeris glycymeris was recovered and among the human phalanges of individual 1, 5 phalanges of Ovis/Capra.From Hypogeum 2 it was possible to recovered one skeleton in anatomical connection, and a group of disarticulated bones corresponding to a minimum number of three individuals (one adult and two non-adults). No grave goods were recovered. Signs of old perturbations were registered.


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