scholarly journals Utilisation of green plant material in nests of Long-billed Vultures Gyps indicus in Bundelkhand Region, India

Vulture News ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sonika Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Gyps Indicus

A review of the nest protection hypothesis: does inclusion of fresh green plant material in birds’ nests reduce parasite infestation?

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1016-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. SCOTT-BAUMANN ◽  
ERIC R. MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Nest Protection ◽  
Parasite Infestation ◽  
Aromatic Herbs

SUMMARYThe use of aromatic plants and their essential oils for ectoparasite treatment is a field of growing interest. Several species of birds regularly introduce aromatic herbs into their nests putatively to reduce parasites. The behaviour is most often seen in cavity nesting birds and after nest building has finished. The plants are included in a non-structural manner and are often strongly aromatic. Various different hypotheses have been proposed regarding the function of this behaviour; from the plants altering some non-living factor in the nest (crypsis, water loss and insulation hypotheses) to them being involved in mate selection (mate hypothesis) or even having a beneficial effect, direct or indirect, on chicks (drug or nest protection hypothesis, NPH). Many studies have been carried out over the years observing and experimentally testing these hypotheses. This review focuses on studies involving the most popular of these hypotheses, the NPH: that plants decrease nest parasites or pathogens, thereby conveying positive effects to the chicks, allowing the behaviour to evolve. Studies providing observational evidence towards this hypothesis and those experimentally testing it are discussed.

An evaluation of cereal stubbles for sheep production

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
M Freer ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cereal Residues ◽  
Stocking Rates

The production of young crossbred wethers grazing oat, barley and wheat stubbles was measured in each of three years at stocking rates ranging from 15 to 30/ha. In one year, production on 'weedy' stubbles was compared with that of 'clean' (weed-free) stubbles, and also the effect of a wheat–urea–mineral supplement on the production of sheep was measured on oat stubble. Liveweight change and wool production were significantly influenced by the availability of green plant material and by stocking rate, but not by supplementation. The maximum liveweight loss in any year was 7.5 kg and the maximum gain 6.0 kg, both recorded over 11 weeks' grazing. Mean daily clean wool production was 9.9 g/sheep at the lower stocking rate and 6.6 g/sheep at the higher rate, but production per hectare was 10–60% higher at the heavier stocking rate. The ranking of the crop stubbles with respect to animal production was not consistent from year to year. Intense selection for green plant material by sheep resulted in the proportion of green in the diet being nearly always greater than 80%, when the weight of this material on the plots was more than 40 kg dry matter/ha. It appeared that a low intake of nitrogen was not the main limitation to animal production. A maximum of only 36% of the crop residue which disappeared during the experiment could be accounted for as animal intake. Thus it is unlikely that the potential of cereal residues as a source of food for animal production will be realized with grazing sheep.

Diet selection and intake by sheep and cattle grazing together on stubbles of wheat, oats or barley

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cereal Residues ◽  
Daily Intakes

Single plots of wheat, oats and barley stubbles were grazed by sheep and cattle in common on a 19 day rotation for 76 days. Initially the stubbles contained 600-1200 kg dry matter ha-1 of green weeds and 3300-4800 kg dry matter ha-1 of cereal residues. Serial estimates were made of diet selection, in vitro digestibility and intake by both species. Sheep consistently selected a diet with a higher proportion of green material than did cattle, but neither species utilized the crop residues to any extent. The overall mean digestibilities of the diet were 68 and 54 per cent fop sheep and cattle respectively (P < 0.01) ; the mean N concentration in the faeces of sheep was 0.64 percentage units higher than for cattle (P < 0.01). Differences in selection by the animals were greatest at the lowest level of green plant material. Estimates of the mean daily intakes of DOM (g kg-1) per unit of metabolic liveweight (W0.9) were 32 and 15, and of dead plant material dry matter (g kg-1) 4.2 and 13.2 for sheep and cattle respectively. There were no differences in selection between stubble species. The results are discussed in relation to maximizing the use of cereal stubbles for animal production.

Biology of Apoidea Taken in Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 863-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Fye
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Trap Nests

AbstractOsmia atriventris Cr. and Megachile relativa Cr. are the most abundant bees accepting trap nests in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of Ontario. Hylaeus ellipticus (Kby.), H. verticalis verticalis (Cr.), Hoplitis albifrons albifrons (Kby.), and H. cylindrica (Cr.) are common while Hylaeus basalis (Sm.), Osmia proxima Cr., M. inermis Prov., and M. gemula Cr. are comparatively rare. All except Osmia atriventris are univoltine and overwinter as prepupae. O. atriventris is both univoltine and biennial. The major flight and nesting period for all bees is during July although M. relativa is active throughout August. Hylaeus spp. construct nests of silken membranous, secreted materials; Hoplitis spp. utilize macerated plant materials and pebbles to divide their nests; Osmia spp. partition their nests with macerated green plant material; and Megachile spp. line and plug their nests in typical leafcutter fashion. All bees provision their nests with pollen moistened with varying amounts of nectar. The sexes are probably almost equally divided in all species. Major parasites are Gasteruption assectator assectator (L.) for Hylaeus spp.; Chelynia subemarginata (Cr.) for Hoplitis spp.; Sapyga sp., for Osmia atriventris; and Coelioxys modesta Sm., and C. lucrosa for Megachile relativa. Melittobia chalybii Ashm. destroyed a few cells occasionally.

Green plant material versus ectoparasites in nests of Bonelli's eagle

2007 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 070924015417004-??? ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ontiveros ◽  
J. Caro ◽  
J. M. Pleguezuelos
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Bonelli’S Eagle

Relationships between the diet selected by grazing sheep and the herbage on offer

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Hamilton ◽  
KJ Hutchinson ◽  
PC Annis ◽  
JB Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated

Oesophageal extrusa samples were collected from sheep grazing monospecific swards of four temperate perennial grasses. The in vitro digestibility and the proportion of green plant material in the extrusa samples were related exponentially to the yield of herbage on offer. The digestibility of ingesta was highly correlated with the yield of green herbage. When the yield of green herbage exceeded c. 550 kg/ha the sheep selected a diet more digestible than the mean of the green plant material on offer, and when there were low amounts of green herbage available the ingesta was less digestible than the green plant material on offer because of the low proportion of green plant material eaten. A relationship between the proportion of green plant material in extrusa samples and the green herbage yield was determined for each species, and no significant difference in regressions between species was found. It is suggested that the pooled relationship obtained in this study may be used to predict the proportion of green plant material in the ingesta of sheep over a range of grass species and yields.

scholarly journals Green Plant Material in Avian Nests

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dubiec ◽  
Iga Góźdź ◽  
Tomasz D. Mazgajski
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document