Diet selection and intake by sheep and cattle grazing together on stubbles of wheat, oats or barley

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cereal Residues ◽  
Daily Intakes

Single plots of wheat, oats and barley stubbles were grazed by sheep and cattle in common on a 19 day rotation for 76 days. Initially the stubbles contained 600-1200 kg dry matter ha-1 of green weeds and 3300-4800 kg dry matter ha-1 of cereal residues. Serial estimates were made of diet selection, in vitro digestibility and intake by both species. Sheep consistently selected a diet with a higher proportion of green material than did cattle, but neither species utilized the crop residues to any extent. The overall mean digestibilities of the diet were 68 and 54 per cent fop sheep and cattle respectively (P < 0.01) ; the mean N concentration in the faeces of sheep was 0.64 percentage units higher than for cattle (P < 0.01). Differences in selection by the animals were greatest at the lowest level of green plant material. Estimates of the mean daily intakes of DOM (g kg-1) per unit of metabolic liveweight (W0.9) were 32 and 15, and of dead plant material dry matter (g kg-1) 4.2 and 13.2 for sheep and cattle respectively. There were no differences in selection between stubble species. The results are discussed in relation to maximizing the use of cereal stubbles for animal production.

Relationships between the diet selected by grazing sheep and the herbage on offer

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Hamilton ◽  
KJ Hutchinson ◽  
PC Annis ◽  
JB Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated

Oesophageal extrusa samples were collected from sheep grazing monospecific swards of four temperate perennial grasses. The in vitro digestibility and the proportion of green plant material in the extrusa samples were related exponentially to the yield of herbage on offer. The digestibility of ingesta was highly correlated with the yield of green herbage. When the yield of green herbage exceeded c. 550 kg/ha the sheep selected a diet more digestible than the mean of the green plant material on offer, and when there were low amounts of green herbage available the ingesta was less digestible than the green plant material on offer because of the low proportion of green plant material eaten. A relationship between the proportion of green plant material in extrusa samples and the green herbage yield was determined for each species, and no significant difference in regressions between species was found. It is suggested that the pooled relationship obtained in this study may be used to predict the proportion of green plant material in the ingesta of sheep over a range of grass species and yields.

The relationship in ewes between voluntary food intake during pregnancy and forage intake during lactation and after weaning

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Z. Foot ◽  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACT(1) Voluntary intake of forage was measured in 31 Scottish Blackface ewes for the last 14 weeks of pregnancy, throughout lactation, and 15 weeks subsequently. During pregnancy 15 ewes were given hay and 16 dried grass (apparent dry-matter digestibilities in vitro were 51 and 69·6% respectively). All ewes were given the same dried grass during lactation and after weaning (digestibilities 75 and 73% respectively). Body fat was estimated from tritiated water space.(2) Pregnant ewes consumed twice as much digestible dry matter from dried grass (1028 g) as from hay (502 g). Intakes of ewes with twin and single foetuses were similar.(3) During lactation the mean daily intakes of dried grass were 2278, 2610,2612 and 2722 g dry matter respectively, for ewes that had been given dried grass in pregnancy and had single and twin lambs, and for those that had been given hay and had singles and twins. Differences between dried grass and hay were consistently significant (P < 0·01).(4) After weaning the intakes declined rapidly but their ranking remained similar.(5) Lamb birth weights were affected by nutrition during pregnancy, lamb growth rates within twins or singles were not influenced by maternal nutrition during pregnancy or lactation. Differences in ewe intakes during lactation were reflected in ewe body-weight changes.(6) For all ewes, up to 64% of the variation in intake during lactation could be related to factors prevailing before and at lambing (pregnancy diet, ewe weight and fat content) and during lactation (lamb gain and ewe weight change).

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
M. SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of high rates of N fertilizer (NH4NO3) on whole plant dry matter yields, crude protein and NO3-N concentrations and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) harvested at early dough stage. Dry matter (DM) yields of barley only were significantly increased by N applications over the zero N rate every year. Split applications of N at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result in higher DM yields than the corresponding single applications of N at seeding. The crude protein concentration ranged from 5.1 to 12.1% in the zero N check plot and from 7.1 to 14.9% in the N-fertilized plots. The NO3-N concentration in tissue was generally less than 0.10%, although NO3-N concentrations up to 0.34% were recorded in oats at 200–300 kg N/ha rates. For barley and triticale, the mean in vitro digestibility of DM was 57.2 and 58.3%, respectively, while the mean in vitro digestibility of DM for oats was much lower at 46.9%. In vitro digestibility of DM was affected very little by rates of N. The limitations in using cereals for forage are discussed.

scholarly journals Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Chaichana Suriyapha ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Sineenart Polyorach
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (p > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (p < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (p < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (p > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (p < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (p > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration.

The in vitro digestibility of oesophageal fistula samples after washing for botanical separation

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Robards ◽  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Eragrostis Curvula ◽  
Selective Grazing ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth

An in vitro digestibility technique was used to compare the digestibility of washed and unwashed portions of plant material collected from the oesophageal fistulas of grazing sheep. The digestibility of a washed portion was 5.5 to 8.2 digestibility units lower (P<0.05) than that of an unwashed portion of the same fistula sample. The grasses used in the study were Panicum coloratum L., Paspalurn dilatatum Poir., Eragrostis curvula Nees-var. valida Stapf., Sorghum almum Parodi, and Chloris gayana Kunth. The presence of some dry matter in the Panicum plots and the relatively low acceptability of the Eragrostis appeared to cause variation in the results due to selective grazing by the sheep. It was concluded that a correction of five digestibility units would make washed portions of fistula samples collected from grazing sheep useful in evaluating the quality of pasture species from mixed swards.

scholarly journals 127 Porcine in vitro digestibility of whole stillage predigested with multi-enzyme during different time periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Whole Stillage ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of the period of predigesting whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with multi-enzyme and composition of the multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of the WS. Four samples of whole stillage from 4 different sources were freeze-dried and divided into 13 subsamples to give 52 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to the 48 sub-samples within source. The treatments were undigested WS (control); or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3) at 55 °C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h in 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and cellulase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 52 subsamples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.3%. The IVDDM increased (P&lt; 0.05) with an increase in the predigestion period. However, a rise in the predigestion period from 0 to 12 h resulted in greater (P&lt; 0.05) response in mean IVDDM than an increment in the predigestion period from 12 to 24 h (11 vs. 0.83 percentage points). Predigestion period and multi-enzyme type interacted on IVDDM such that the improvement in IVDDM between 0 and 12 hours of predigestion differed (P&lt; 0.05) among the 3 multi-enzyme types (13.3, 11.1, and 8.5 percentage points for MTE3, MTE2, and MTE1, respectively). The LS means by multi-enzyme treatment were modeled and resulted in unparallel curves (P&lt; 0.05). The estimated maximum response of IVDDM for MTE1, MTE2 and MTE 3 were 82.4%, 84.7% and 87.1% at 15.8, 13 and 13.1 hours, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal time of predigestion of WS with multi-enzymes (with regard to improvement in its IVDDM) was approximately 14 h.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

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