Biology of Apoidea Taken in Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 863-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Fye
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Trap Nests

AbstractOsmia atriventris Cr. and Megachile relativa Cr. are the most abundant bees accepting trap nests in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of Ontario. Hylaeus ellipticus (Kby.), H. verticalis verticalis (Cr.), Hoplitis albifrons albifrons (Kby.), and H. cylindrica (Cr.) are common while Hylaeus basalis (Sm.), Osmia proxima Cr., M. inermis Prov., and M. gemula Cr. are comparatively rare. All except Osmia atriventris are univoltine and overwinter as prepupae. O. atriventris is both univoltine and biennial. The major flight and nesting period for all bees is during July although M. relativa is active throughout August. Hylaeus spp. construct nests of silken membranous, secreted materials; Hoplitis spp. utilize macerated plant materials and pebbles to divide their nests; Osmia spp. partition their nests with macerated green plant material; and Megachile spp. line and plug their nests in typical leafcutter fashion. All bees provision their nests with pollen moistened with varying amounts of nectar. The sexes are probably almost equally divided in all species. Major parasites are Gasteruption assectator assectator (L.) for Hylaeus spp.; Chelynia subemarginata (Cr.) for Hoplitis spp.; Sapyga sp., for Osmia atriventris; and Coelioxys modesta Sm., and C. lucrosa for Megachile relativa. Melittobia chalybii Ashm. destroyed a few cells occasionally.

BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST MUSTARD APHID AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NARENDRA SINGH ◽  
N. S. BHADAURIA ◽  
PRADYUMN SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Plant Materials

The Bio-efficacy of eleven plant extracts namely viz.Neem Kernel; Rhizome of Ginger; Leaves of Datura, Gajarghas, Harsingar, Oak and Latjeera; Bulb of Garlic and Onion; Flowers of Chrysenthemum and Fruits of Chilli in the concentration of 5 percent and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha was tested against mustard aphid, Lipaphiserysimi and their effect on D. rapae and Coccinellid beetle were tested in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). All the tested plant materials and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha were effective significanty in reducing the aphid population over control.The aphid population in treated plots ranged from 7.2 to 40.0 as against 85.4 aphid/twig in untreated control. Among the plant material, three sprays of Neem Kernel were found most effective followed by three sprays of chilli fruits.All the plant extracts were found significantly safer to D. rapae and coccinellid bettle in comparision to insecticide (imidacloprid).

scholarly journals Sonication, a Potential Technique for Extraction of Phytoconstituents: A Systematic Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Modassar A. N. Ranjha ◽  
Shafeeqa Irfan ◽  
José M. Lorenzo ◽  
Bakhtawar Shafique ◽  
Rabia Kanwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Microwave Assistance ◽  
Subcritical Fluid

Traditional extraction techniques have lost their optimum performance because of rising consumer demand and novel technologies. In this regard, several techniques were developed by humans for the extraction of plant materials from various indigenous sources, which are no longer in use. Many of the techniques are not efficient enough to extract maximum plant material. By this time, evolution in extraction has led to development of various techniques including microfiltration, pulsed electric fields, high pressure, microwave assistance, enzyme assistance, supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid and ultrasonication. These innovations in food processing/extraction are known as “Green Food Processing”. These technologies were basically developed by focusing on three universal parameters: simplicity, energy efficiency and economy. These green technologies are practical in a number of different food sectors, mostly for preservation, inhibition of microorganisms, inactivation of enzymes and extraction of plant material. Like the others, ultrasonication could also be used for the said purposes. The primary objective of this review is to confine the potential use of ultrasonication for extraction of oils, pectin and phytochemicals by reviewing the literature systematically.

A review of the nest protection hypothesis: does inclusion of fresh green plant material in birds’ nests reduce parasite infestation?

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1016-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. SCOTT-BAUMANN ◽  
ERIC R. MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Nest Protection ◽  
Parasite Infestation ◽  
Aromatic Herbs

SUMMARYThe use of aromatic plants and their essential oils for ectoparasite treatment is a field of growing interest. Several species of birds regularly introduce aromatic herbs into their nests putatively to reduce parasites. The behaviour is most often seen in cavity nesting birds and after nest building has finished. The plants are included in a non-structural manner and are often strongly aromatic. Various different hypotheses have been proposed regarding the function of this behaviour; from the plants altering some non-living factor in the nest (crypsis, water loss and insulation hypotheses) to them being involved in mate selection (mate hypothesis) or even having a beneficial effect, direct or indirect, on chicks (drug or nest protection hypothesis, NPH). Many studies have been carried out over the years observing and experimentally testing these hypotheses. This review focuses on studies involving the most popular of these hypotheses, the NPH: that plants decrease nest parasites or pathogens, thereby conveying positive effects to the chicks, allowing the behaviour to evolve. Studies providing observational evidence towards this hypothesis and those experimentally testing it are discussed.

scholarly journals Application of lactic acid bacteria in green biorefineries

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i60-i67
Author(s):  
Mette Lübeck ◽  
Peter Stephensen Lübeck
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Press Cake ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Protein Rich

ABSTRACT Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have extensive industrial applications as producers of lactic acid, as probiotics, as biocontrol agents and as biopreservatives. LAB play a large role in food fermentation and in silage processes, where crops such as grass, legumes, cereals or corn are fermented into high-moisture feed that is storable and can be used to feed cattle, sheep or other ruminants. LAB also have great applications within green biorefineries, with simultaneous production of protein-rich feed for monogastric animals, silage or feed pellets for ruminants and production of lactic acid or specific amino acids. In green biorefineries, fresh or ensiled wet biomass is mechanically fractionated into green juice and solid residues (press cake), where the plant juice, for example, can be used for production of lactic acid using LAB. In a process named ‘ENLAC’, recovery of protein and chlorophyll from silage by simultaneous lactic acid fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis has been developed. Furthermore, a process for protein recovery was recently developed by applying a specific LAB starter culture to green juice from freshly harvested crops. This paper focuses on reviewing LAB for their applications within biorefining of ‘green’ crops such as clover, alfalfa, grasses and other green plant materials.

Genetic Considerations in Plant Ecological Restoration

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny J. Gustafson ◽  
Alexis Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Seed Provenance

Ecological restoration is most commonly described as the process of aiding in the recovery of a damaged or destroyed system. In many cases, restoration may not be possible when self-sustaining populations, functions, and trajectories cannot be maintained due to the type of disturbance sustained by a site; in these cases, revegetation or remediation are more achievable goals. The definition of ecological restoration has been expanded to incorporate scientific inquiry into the process of the recovery of a natural range of ecosystem composition, structure, and dynamics. Ecological restoration research spans different levels of organization from genes to ecosystems. Genetic considerations are fundamental to the success of ecological restoration, and considerations of this issue will impact choices from seed source selection to genetic control of ecosystem services. A major decision for restorationists is the use of local versus nonlocal plant material, as well as the mixing of source populations; ideally, these choices can be based on sound population genetic, ecological, and evolutionary theory research. Ultimately, selection of plant material to be used in ecological restoration is driven by the specific project goals, availability and quality of plant materials, site conditions, and scale of the project. Beyond the local versus nonlocal selection issue, genetic issues related to small population dynamics, gene flow in the modern landscape, and gene expression affecting community structure and ecosystem functions can affect the success of ecological restoration activities. This article focuses primarily on plants; however, issues related to genetics of small populations (inbreeding and outbreeding depression, founder effects, and fitness consequences of reduced genetic variation) are important considerations for animal species too. The readings contained within this bibliography include: Ecotypic Variation, Seed Provenance for Restoration, Seed Transfer Zones for Restoration, Seed Provenance for Revegetation, Life History Traits, Moving beyond Neutral Markers, Inbreeding Depression, Outbreeding Depression, Founder Effects, Fitness Consequences of Reduced Genetic Variation, Community and Landscape Genetics, Testing Genotypic Effects on Community and Ecosystem Processes, Evaluating Success, and Genetic Composition and Diversity in Restored Populations.

Total Nitrogen Analysis of Soil and Plant Tissues

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell W Nelson ◽  
Lee E Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aluminum Block ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Abstract Progress of the Dumas and Kjeldahl procedures over the past century is reviewed. Many recent papers claim that various modifications of the standard Kjeldahl method enhance accuracy, precision, or speed, and reduce cost of analysis. Furthermore, several authors advocate use of Pyrex tubes heated in an aluminum block for digestion instead of traditional Kjeldahl flasks. A review of current semimicro-Kjeldahl methodology suggests that proceeding under the following conditions gives satisfactory results: sample size, 50–200 mg for plant material, 100–500 mg for soil; digestion acid, concentrated H2SO4; sample size ratio (mL/g) of 16:1 for soils and 22:1 for plant materials; digestion salt, minimum 0.33 g K2SO4 added/mL H2SO4; catalysts, add CuSO4 5H2O at rate of 10% (w/w) of K2SO4 added, HgO at 5% (w/w) of K2SO4, or add Se to K2SO4–CuSO4 5H2O mixtures at rate of 1% (w/w) K2SO4; digestion time, 1 and 3 h past clearing for plant materials and soils, respectively; pretreatments, use salicylic acid or reduced iron to recover nitrate from sample. Use of Pyrex tubes heated in an aluminum block appears suitable for digestions. Our results indicate that the 2 commercial tube digestion systems tested produce satisfactory recovery of total N from soils and plant materials. Ammonium in Kjeldahl digests may be quantitatively determined by distillationtitration, ammonia electrode, or colorimetric techniques.

scholarly journals Dating Historical Contexts: Issues, Plant Material, and Methods to Date the Late Roman Site of Faragola, Apulia (SE Italy)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 679-690
Author(s):  
V Caracuta ◽  
G Fiorentino ◽  
M Turchiano ◽  
G Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Macrobotanical Remains ◽  
Short Lifecycle ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Absolute Basis ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Late Roman

Charred plant materials found in archaeological contexts are usually considered the most reliable remains for radiocarbon dating. Usually, seeds and fruits are preferred to wood fragments because their short lifecycle reduces the range of uncertainty of the14C measurement. A selection of short-lived samples, mainly from barley and wheat, from the Late Roman site of Faragola (SE Italy) were14C dated; however, the14C dates obtained were not always consistent with the chronology provided by other archaeological evidence. A careful analysis of all the macrobotanical remains found in each of the dated contexts provides insight into the origin of the plant material, helping to distinguish betweenin situand non-in situmaterial. The14C dates are reconsidered in the context of findings and the kind of material selected for dating. Using the archaeological context, a Bayesian model was employed to reduce the range of the calibrated date and thereby refine the chronology of the site on an absolute basis.

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