Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Bacterial Contamination of Chicken Legs

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 508-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. SLAVIK ◽  
C. GRIFFIS ◽  
Y. LI ◽  
P. ENGLER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Chicken Legs

Electrical stimulation was investigated as a method to eliminate or reduce the number of Salmonella typhimurium attached to chicken legs. Salmonellae-inoculated legs were attached to either cathode or anode or placed in an electrical field. In addition, the effect of electrical stimulation on various bacteria in an electrolyte solution was studied in order to determine the feasibility of using this method to prevent cross-contamination of poultry carcasses during processing. Stimulation was accomplished using a square wave with an amplitude of 8.5 to 14.5 volts, a frequency of 0.33 Hz or 100 KHz, and a duty cycle of 67%. Results indicate that electrical stimulation is effective in killing bacteria in solution and in reducing the number of salmonellae attached to chicken legs when legs are attached to anodes. Slight meat damage did occur, however, when chicken legs were connected to either anode or cathode1.z

Morphological Changes of Salmonella typhimuriumCaused by Electrical Stimulation in Various Salt Solutions

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL F. SLAVIK ◽  
JEONG-WEON KIM ◽  
YANBIN LI ◽  
JOEL T WALKER ◽  
HONG WANG
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Irregular Surfaces ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Electric Signals

To better understand what physical changes occur in bacteria subjected to low-voltage, low-current electrical stimulation (ES), morphological changes in Salmonella typhimurium killed by ES were examined using electron microscopy. Cells (107 CFU/ml) were suspended in 0.015 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na2CO3, or 0.005 M Na3PO4·12H2O solutions and pulsed electric signals at 10 mA/cm2 current, 1 kHz frequency and 50% duty cycle were applied until more than 90% of the cells were dead. In NaCl solutions, cells were swollen before collapsing into amorphous bodies. In Na2CO3 solutions, cells showed irregular surfaces and the cytoplasm became less dense at the centers of the cells. In Na3PO4 solutions, the cytoplasm was scattered into small aggregates within the cell and many fibrils were formed outside. The results of this research suggest that the mechanisms of destruction of S. typhimurium by ES depend on the salt used an electrolyte.

Vascular effects of free radicals generated by electrical stimulation

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. H709-H714 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Lamb ◽  
R. C. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Oxygen Free Radical ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Rat Tail

Electrical field stimulation (9 V, 1.0 ms, 4 Hz) of isolated segments of rat tail arteries and dog coronary arteries inhibits contractile responses to exogenous norepinephrine and elevated potassium concentration. This inhibitory effect of electrical stimulation is blocked by various agents that alter oxygen metabolism: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, ascorbate, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The observations suggest that the inhibitory effect is due to an action of oxygen free radical metabolites that are generated by the electrical stimulation of the oxygen-rich buffer. These free radical metabolites have two actions: 1) they oxidize drugs in the experimental system, and 2) they exert a direct inhibitory action on vascular smooth muscle.

scholarly journals Reporting for Duty: The duty cycle in Functional Electrical Stimulation research. Part I: Critical commentaries of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Taylor ◽  
Ché Fornusek ◽  
Andrew J. Ruys
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
External Work ◽  
Stimulation Experiments ◽  
Frequency Pulse

There are several parameters that can be modulated during electrical stimulation-induced muscle contraction to obtain external work, i.e., Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). The literature has several reports of the relationships of parameters such as frequency, pulse width, amplitude and physiological or biomechanical outcomes (i.e., torque) when these parameters are changed. While these relationships are well-described, lesser known across the literature is how changing the duty cycle (time ON and time OFF) of stimulation affects the outcomes. This review provides an analysis of the literature pertaining to the duty cycle in electrical stimulation experiments. There are two distinct sections of this review – an introduction to the duty cycle and definitions from literature (part I); and contentions from the literature and proposed frameworks upon which duty cycle can be interpreted (part II). It is envisaged that the two reviews will highlight the importance of modulating the duty cycle in terms of muscle fatigue in mimicking physiological activities. The frameworks provided will ideally assist in unifying how researchers consider the duty cycle in electrical stimulation (ES) of muscles.

Study of the optimal duty cycle and pumping rate for square-wave amplitude-modulated Bell–Bloom magnetometers

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 060701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Ling Wang ◽  
Meng-Bing Wang ◽  
Gui-Ying Zhang ◽  
Kai-Feng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Pumping Rate ◽  
Square Wave

scholarly journals Fourier transform ion mobility spectrometry with multinozzle emitter array electrospray ionization

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 7836-7842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongling Shen ◽  
Xu Jia ◽  
Qingyan Meng ◽  
Wenjie Liu ◽  
Herbert H. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
Ion Mobility Spectrometry ◽  
Ion Mobility ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Emitter Array

Fourier transform ion mobility spectrometry (FT-IMS) is a useful multiplexing method for improving the duty cycle (DC) of IMS from 1 to 25% when using an entrance and exit ion gate to modulate the ion current with a synchronized square wave chirp.

scholarly journals Bacterial Contamination of Hands Increases Risk of Cross-contamination among Low-income Puerto Rican Meal Preparers

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jigna Morarji Dharod ◽  
Stefania Paciello ◽  
Angela Bermúdez-Millán ◽  
Kumar Venkitanarayanan ◽  
Grace Damio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Cross Contamination

Temporal Modulation of Electroosmotic Micropumps

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Laser
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Electroosmotic Flow ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Capillary Array

This paper reports on analytical and experimental studies of transient effects in electroosmotic (EO) micropumps, focusing on an EO micropump operational paradigm of practical importance: the use of variable-duty-cycle square wave driving voltages. Models of transient effects in EO micropumps are evaluated and developed, and load inertia as well as thermal and diffusion effects are considered. Detailed models, based on solutions for electroosmotic flow between infinite parallel plates, are presented for slit capillary array EO micropumps with slit half-width on the order of one micron. Driving typical microfluidic system loads, analysis by analogy to Stokes' second problem predicts pseudosteady electroosmotic flow in these micropumps for input frequencies up to 100 Hz, with attenuation of high-frequency components of square-wave inputs due to load inertial effects. In experiments with slit capillary array electroosmotic micropumps driven by 10 Hz square waves, micropump output is observed to be generally nonlinear with duty cycle, with significant flow rate enhancement relative to constant-voltage operation at duty cycles above 40%. Lateral diffusion during temporary zero-field conditions may lead to a slight increase in time-averaged zeta potential for square-wave-driven EO micropumps.

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