Extracellular ATP plays an important role in systemic wound response activation

Mechanical wounding occurs in plants during biotic (e.g., herbivore or pathogen attack) or abiotic (e.g., wind damage or freezing) stresses and is associated with the activation of multiple signaling pathways. These initiate many wound responses at the wounded tissues, as well as trigger long-distance signaling pathways that activate wound responses in tissues that were not affected by the initial wounding event (termed systemic wound response). Among the different systemic signals activated by wounding are electric signals, calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) waves, and different plant hormones such as jasmonic acid. The release of glutamate from cells at the wounded tissues was recently proposed to trigger several different systemic signal transduction pathways via glutamate-like receptors (GLRs). However, the role of another important compound released from cells during wounding (i.e., extracellular ATP; eATP) in triggering systemic responses is not clear. Here we show that eATP that accumulates in wounded leaves and is sensed by the purinoreceptor kinase P2K is required for the activation of the ROS wave during wounding. Application of eATP to unwounded leaves triggered the ROS wave, and the activation of the ROS wave by wounding or eATP application was suppressed in mutants deficient in P2K (i.e., p2k1-3, p2k2, and p2k1-3p2k2). In addition, the expression of several systemic wound response transcripts was suppressed in mutants deficient in P2K during wounding. Our findings reveal that in addition to sensing glutamate via GLRs, eATP sensed by P2Ks is playing a key role in the triggering of systemic wound responses in plants.

Electrical Stimulation and Cellular Behaviors in Electric Field in Biomedical Research

Research on the cellular response to electrical stimulation (ES) and its mechanisms focusing on potential clinic applications has been quietly intensified recently. However, the unconventional nature of this methodology has fertilized a great variety of techniques that make the interpretation and comparison of experimental outcomes complicated. This work reviews more than a hundred publications identified mostly from Medline, categorizes the techniques, and comments on their merits and weaknesses. Electrode-based ES, conductive substrate-mediated ES, and noninvasive stimulation are the three principal categories used in biomedical research and clinic. ES has been found to enhance cell proliferation, growth, migration, and stem cell differentiation, showing an important potential in manipulating cellular activities in both normal and pathological conditions. However, inappropriate parameters or setup can have negative effects. The complexity of the delivered electric signals depends on how they are generated and in what form. It is also difficult to equate one set of parameters with another. Mechanistic studies are rare and badly needed. Even so, ES in combination with advanced materials and nanotechnology is developing a strong footing in biomedical research and regenerative medicine.

Electromagnetic transfer information in medicine

Background: Only recently has the critical importance of electromagnetic (EM) field interactions in biology and medicine been recognized. We review the phenomenon of resonance signaling, discussing how specific frequencies modulate cellular function to restore or maintain health. Evidence: Application of EM tuned signals represents more than merely a new tool in Information Medicine. It can also be viewed in the larger context of Electromagnetic Medicine, the all-encompassing view that elevates the electromagnetic over the biochemical. The discovery by Zhadin that ultrasmall magnetic intensities are biologically significant suggests that EM signaling is endogenous to cell regulation, and consequently that the remarkable effectiveness of EM resonance treatments reflects a fundamental aspect of biological systems. The concept that organisms contain mechanisms for generating biologically useful electric signals is not new, dating back to the 19th century discovery of currents of injury by Matteucci. The corresponding modern-day version is that ion cyclotron resonance magnetic field combinations help regulate biological information. Prospects: The next advance in medicine will be to discern and apply those electromagnetic signaling parameters acting to promote wellness, with decreasing reliance on marginal biochemical remediation and pharmaceuticals.

Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration

The demand for bone substitutes is increasing in Western countries. Bone graft substitutes aim to provide reconstructive surgeons with off-the-shelf alternatives to the natural bone taken from humans or animal species. Under the tissue engineering paradigm, biomaterial scaffolds can be designed by incorporating bone stem cells to decrease the disadvantages of traditional tissue grafts. However, the effective clinical application of tissue-engineered bone is limited by insufficient neovascularization. As bone is a highly vascularized tissue, new strategies to promote both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis within the scaffolds need to be considered for a successful regeneration. It has been demonstrated that bone and blood vases are piezoelectric, namely, electric signals are locally produced upon mechanical stimulation of these tissues. The specific effects of electric charge generation on different cells are not fully understood, but a substantial amount of evidence has suggested their functional and physiological roles. This review summarizes the special contribution of piezoelectricity as a stimulatory signal for bone and vascular tissue regeneration, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, vascular repair, and tissue engineering, by considering different stem cell sources entailed with osteogenic and angiogenic potential, aimed at collecting the key findings that may enable the development of successful vascularized bone replacements useful in orthopedic and otologic surgery.

POSTERIOR SEGMENT PATHOLOGIES IN DENSE LENS CHANGES

INTRODUCTION : B scan makes use of high frequency ultrasound waves which are reected back and are converted to electric signals. The data which is not available from the clinical examination can be visualised by using the ultrasound B-scan. It is of immense visual prognostic value to modify the surgical plan in eyes who have hazy media. AIM : Evaluation of posterior segment using ultrasound B scan(US-B) in patients with dense lens changes Co relation of the type of dense lens changes with different posterior segment pathologies. METHODOLOGY : Study sample : 100 Study period : 1st July 2019 to 31st June 2020 Study duration :12 months Study area :All the patients presenting to Ophthalmology OPD at Meenakshi medical college and research institute , Kanchipuram ,Tamil Nadu. RESULTS : Majority of the B-scans turned out to be normal in dense lens changes. Posterior vitreous detachment, Asteroid hyalosis and Retinal detachment are the common abnormalities seen in the decreasing order of their occurrence.

Electrical and magnetic data time series’ observations as an approach to identify the seismic activity of non-anthropic origin

In this work, the authors tried to identify a possible relationship between electromagnetic signals (EM) and seismic events in the lithospheric system in the central region of Colombia. The data, both seismic records and electromagnetic signals, were taken from the catalog of the Seismological Network of the National University of Colombia (RSUNAL) and the catalog of the National Seismological Network of Colombia (RSNC). The project included the design and instrument testing phases for recording seismic signals, electrical potential variations, and magnetic field variations to try to identify possible relationships between these signals. Possible electromagnetic precursors for seismic events were observed, mainly magnetic disturbances, but it was not possible to locate evident electrical anomalies (Seismic Electric Signals - SES). Thus, although the results are not conclusive, the magnetic disturbances identified deserve further long-term analysis.

Vorsicht, Verwundung! Reizweiterleitung mit mechanosensitiven Proteinen

Being sessile, plants are exposed to adverse stresses, including wounding by insects. Albeit lacking experimental evidence, one hypothesis predicted involvement of hydro-electric signals in wound signaling. Now, we could show that the mechanosensitive anion channel MSL10 is necessary for wound-induced long-distance signaling in plants. By linking mechano-sensing, ion fluxes, membrane depolarization and electrical signal propagation, MSL10 might integrate hydraulic and electric wound signals.

Origin and Recording of Bioelectric Signals

Bioelectric signals are generated as a result of migration of ions in the cell membrane. Muscles and neurons are the main source for the generation of that signals by contraction and relaxation. These bio electric signals can be recorded with the help of electrodes by placing it over the surface of the skin. Bioelectric signals are in very small amplitude and they require amplification for analyzing and for further studies. The signals which obtained are the primary source for diagnosis the malfunction of the tissues or organs. The most common types of bioelectric signals are ECG (Electrocardiogram), EEG (Electroencephalogram) and EMG (Electromyogram). Here we explained the origin and recording of these bioelectric signals in a detailed manner.

E-Skin: The Dawn of a New Era of On-Body Monitoring Systems

Real-time “on-body” monitoring of human physiological signals through wearable systems developed on flexible substrates (e-skin) is the next target in human health control and prevention, while an alternative to bulky diagnostic devices routinely used in clinics. The present work summarizes the recent trends in the development of e-skin systems. Firstly, we revised the material development for e-skin systems. Secondly, aspects related to fabrication techniques were presented. Next, the main applications of e-skin systems in monitoring, such as temperature, pulse, and other bio-electric signals related to health status, were analyzed. Finally, aspects regarding the power supply and signal processing were discussed. The special features of e-skin as identified contribute clearly to the developing potential as in situ diagnostic tool for further implementation in clinical practice at patient personal levels.