Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Rice and Cereals Collected in Korea

Incidence and properties of Bacillus cereus strains naturally present in cereals were evaluated by phenotypic characterization, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Of 293 cereal samples tested, 73 (25%) contained B. cereus strains. Incidence of B. cereus isolates varied with respect to sample; they were found in 15 (37%) of 83 brown rice samples, 23 (37%) of 63 glutinous rice samples, 16 (21%) of 76 barley samples, and 19 (27%) of 71 Job's tears samples. All B. cereus isolates from cereals were positive for diarrheal toxin genes. The isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested, but they were highly resistant to ampicillin, cefepime, oxacillin, and penicillin. Of the genes assayed by the PCR technique, a high frequency of nheA (99%) and hblDC (84%) was found in the genomic DNA of cereal-associated isolates, whereas cytK was less common (55%). From the strains carrying the hblDC genes, 93% produced enterotoxin HBL. B. cereus isolates did not have significant genetic homology. The genetic diversity and toxic potential differ among the strains isolated from cereals. These results provide important information on toxin gene profiles of cereal-associated B. cereus for population studies.

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Incidence, toxin gene profiling, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus isolated from quick-frozen food in China

LWT ◽

10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 140 ◽

pp. 110824

Author(s):

Hui Guo ◽

Pengfei Yu ◽

Shubo Yu ◽

Juan Wang ◽

Junhui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Gene Profiling ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Frozen Food

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Rapid antibiotic susceptibility phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus using automated microscopy of small numbers of cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718508845.793497889 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Suzanne Walker ◽

Mithila Rajagopal

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Automated Microscopy

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Analysis of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains from dried foods using whole genome sequencing, multi-locus sequence analysis and toxin gene prevalence and distribution using endpoint PCR analysis

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 31-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Laurenda Carter ◽

Hannah R. Chase ◽

Charles M. Gieseker ◽

Nicholas R. Hasbrouck ◽

Cynthia B. Stine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Dried Foods

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Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Retail Food in China

LWT ◽

10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111098 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111098

Author(s):

Juan Wang ◽

Zhi Wang ◽

Jumei Zhang ◽

Yu Ding ◽

Zonghao Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Retail Food

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Isolation and Identification of Lipolytic Microorganisms Found on Rough Rice from Two Growing Areas

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-41.1.28 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 28-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

ANTHONY J. DeLUCCA ◽

STEPHEN J. PLATING ◽

ROBERT L. ORY

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Plate Count ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Lipolytic Action ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Rice Samples ◽

Lipolytic Microorganisms ◽

Rice Oil

Rice bran and whole brown rice are currently underutilized because free fatty acids are formed from rice oil during storage. Rough rice from two growing areas was tested for presence of lipolytic microorganisms that could release these fatty acids. Approximately 10% of the total bacterial plate count (4 × 106/g for Louisiana and 12 × 106/g for the Arkansas rice samples) were lipolytic. Upon testing, most were classified as nonsaccharolytic, alkali-producing pseudomonads. The average mold plate count for the Louisiana sample was 2 × 103 colony forming units (cfu)/g and 5 × 103 cfu/g for the Arkansas sample. All molds isolated showed various amounts of lipolytic action, as determined by the size of the lipolytic zone. The molds were generally isolated more from the Louisiana than from the Arkansas rice. Alternaria and Helminthosporium species, the most prevalent molds, were found in all samples.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility, Genetic Diversity, and the Presence of Toxin Producing Genes in Campylobacter Isolates from Poultry

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph14111400 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1400 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jeeyeon Lee ◽

Jiyeon Jeong ◽

Heeyoung Lee ◽

Jimyeong Ha ◽

Sejeong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility

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QUANTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND BACILLUS CEREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM BILTONG

Journal of Food Safety ◽

10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00335.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 559-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. SHALE ◽

N.J. MALEBO

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

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Novel Effective Bacillus cereus Group Species “Bacillus clarus” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00882-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Marysabel Méndez Acevedo ◽

Laura M. Carroll ◽

Manjari Mukherjee ◽

Emma Mills ◽

Lingzi Xiaoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Hela Cells ◽

Species Complex ◽

Taxonomic Classification ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Cytotoxic Effects ◽

Content Type ◽

Group Species

ABSTRACT Gram-positive, spore-forming members of the Bacillus cereus group species complex are widespread in natural environments and display various degrees of pathogenicity. Recently, B. cereus group strain Bacillus mycoides Flugge ATCC 21929 was found to represent a novel lineage within the species complex, sharing a relatively low degree of genomic similarity with all B. cereus group genomes (average nucleotide identity [ANI] < 88). ATCC 21929 has been previously associated with the production of a patented antibiotic, antibiotic 60-6 (i.e., cerexin A); however, the virulence potential and growth characteristics of this lineage have never been assessed. Here, we provide an extensive genomic and phenotypic characterization of ATCC 21929, and we assess its pathogenic potential in vitro. ATCC 21929 most closely resembles Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T (ANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values of 86.70 and 34.10%, respectively). Phenotypically, ATCC 21929 does not possess cytochrome c oxidase activity and is able to grow at a range of temperatures between 15 and 43°C and a range of pH between 6 and 9. At 32°C, ATCC 21929 shows weak production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL (Hbl) but no production of nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe); at 37°C, neither Hbl nor Nhe is produced. Additionally, at 37°C, ATCC 21929 does not exhibit cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells. With regard to fatty acid composition, ATCC 21929 has iso-C17:0 present in highest abundance. Based on the characterization provided here, ATCC 21929T (= PS00077AT = PS00077BT = PSU-0922T = BHPT) represents a novel effective B. cereus group species, which we propose as effective species “Bacillus clarus.” IMPORTANCE The B. cereus group comprises numerous closely related lineages with various degrees of pathogenic potential and industrial relevance. Species-level taxonomic classification of B. cereus group strains is important for risk evaluation and communication but remains challenging. Biochemical and phenotypic assays are often used to assign B. cereus group strains to species but are insufficient for accurate taxonomic classification on a genomic scale. Here, we show that antibiotic-producing ATCC 21929 represents a novel lineage within the B. cereus group that, by all metrics used to delineate prokaryotic species, exemplifies a novel effective species. Furthermore, we show that ATCC 21929 is incapable of producing enterotoxins Hbl and Nhe or exhibiting cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells at human body temperature in vitro. These results provide greater insight into the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the B. cereus group and may be leveraged to inform future public health and food safety efforts.

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