Isolation and Identification of Zoonotic Species of Genus Arcobacter from Chicken Viscera Obtained from Retail Distributors of the Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDGAR GARCÍA VILLALOBOS ◽  
HERIBERTO FERNÁNDEZ JARAMILLO ◽  
CAROLINA CHAVES ULATE ◽  
MARÍA LAURA ARIAS ECHANDI
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chicken Viscera

Arcobacter is a genus of growing importance worldwide; some of its species are considered emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. In Costa Rica, as well as in other countries, its isolation has been reported, so the objective of this project was to evaluate and identify the presence of Arcobacter in chicken viscera sold in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica, as well as to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns associated with it. One hundred fifty samples of chicken viscera including heart, liver, and other gastrointestinal organs were purchased from 15 supermarkets and 15 local retailers. De Boer and Houf broths were used as enrichment media; isolation was done with Arcobacter-selective medium and with membrane filtration with blood agar. Typical colonies were identified with genus-specific PCR, and species identification was made with multiplex PCR. Susceptibility to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was done with the Epsilometer test. The isolation frequency of Arcobacter genus obtained in this study was of 17.3%. A total of 33 isolates were obtained from the poultry samples, and according to the multiplex PCR methodology, 22 (66.7%) isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri, 8 (24.2%)as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and1(3.1%)as Arcobacter skirrowii. Two strains were not identified. No statistical significant difference was found when the source of samples was compared. Resistance toward chloramphenicol was 68.75%, followed by ampicillin (43.75%) and ciprofloxacin (18.75%); all strains were susceptible to tetracycline.

Arcobacter: Comparison of Isolation Methods, Diversity, and Potential Pathogenic Factors in Commercially Retailed Chicken Breast Meat from Costa Rica

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAROLINA L. FALLAS-PADILLA ◽  
CARLOS E. RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
HERIBERTO FERNÁNDEZ JARAMILLO ◽  
MARÍA LAURA ARIAS ECHANDI
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Isolation Methods

Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about their prevalence and distribution as emerging pathogens are due to the limitations in their detection and identification. This study aimed to determine the presence and the identification of Arcobacter in chicken breast samples commercially retailed in San José, Costa Rica, as well as to describe the adherence and invasive potential of the strains to human cells (HEp-2). Fifty chicken breast samples were collected from retail markets in the metropolitan area of the country. Six different isolation methodologies were applied for the isolation of Arcobacter. Isolation strategies consisted of combinations of enrichments in de Boer or Houf selective broths and subsequent isolation in blood agar (directly or with a previous passive membrane filtration step) or Arcobacter selective agar. Suspicious colonies were identified with a genus-specific PCR, whereas species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 56%. From the isolation strategies, the combination of enrichment in Houf selective broth followed by filtration on blood agar showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. A total of 46 isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter with the genus-specific PCR, from which 27 (59%) corresponded to Arcobacter butzleri, 9 (19%) to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 10 (22%) were not identified with this multiplex PCR. Regarding the potential pathogenicity, 75% of the isolates presented adherence to HEp-2 cells, while only 22% were invasive to that cell line. All invasive strains were A. butzleri or nonidentified strains. The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in poultry and recognize the importance it should receive as a potential foodborne pathogen from public health authorities.

scholarly journals Análisis sociolingüístico de la /s/ en el área metropolitana de San José

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Arturo Quesada Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
San Jose ◽  
The Social

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sociolingüístico cuantitativo del fonema [s] en el área metropolitana de San José, capital de Costa Rica. Las variables sociales de género y nivel educativo, y las cuatro variantes de [s] en el área, [s], [z], [h] y [0] fueron considerados. El estudio llevó a la conclusión de que la variación de la / s / no está relacionado con el género, sino que se relaciona con el nivel de educación de los hablantes.This article presents the results of a quantitative sociolinguistic study of the phoneme [s] in the Metropolitan area of San José, capital of Costa Rica. The social variables of gender and educational level, and the four variants of [s] in the area, [ s ], [ z ], [ h ], and [0 ] were considered. The study led to the conclusion that the variation of /s/ is not related to gender but it is related 10 the education level of the speaker.

scholarly journals Volcano hazard and surveillance in Costa Rica

Volcanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 141-161
Author(s):  
Geoffroy Avard ◽  
Mauricio Mora ◽  
Henriette Bakkar ◽  
Guillermo Alvarado ◽  
Mario Angarita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Seismic Stations ◽  
Tectonically Active ◽  
La Red ◽  
Scientific Collaborations ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Costa Rica hosts ten volcanic complexes and is highly tectonically active due to its location at the interaction between the Cocos, Nazca, and Caribbean plates and the Panama microplate. Three of the five historically active volcanoes had frequent eruptions in 2019. The institutions in charge of monitoring the volcanoes of Costa Rica are the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica from Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) and the Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN: UCR-ICE that groups the Escuela Centroamericana de Geología from the Universidad de Costa Rica, and the Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico de Arenal y Miravalles from the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad; acronyms ECG, UCR, OSIVAM, and ICE). These institutions are focused on the most dangerous volcanoes, i.e. those closest to the Great Metropolitan Area (2.2 million inhabitants), which includes San José (the capital), and those near hydroelectrical and geothermal plants. In 2020, those institutions operated a network of. 59 seismic stations on volcanoes, 5 infrasound stations, 25 permanent GPS sites, 2 permanent DOAS, 3 permanent MultiGAS, 13 webcams, and performed systematic analyses in geochemistry and petrology laboratories. Those institutes routinely communicate results with the authorities in charge of crisis management nationally and internationally (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias and Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre, respectively) and are always looking for more scientific collaborations. Costa Rica alberga diez complejos volcánicos y presenta una elevada actividad sísmica debido a su ubicación dentro de un marco tectónico complejo, donde interactúan las placas del Cocos, Nazca, Caribe y la microplaca de Panamá. Tres de los cinco volcanes históricamente activos han tenido frecuentes erupciones durante el 2019. Los institutos que vigilan los volcanes de Costa Rica son el Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (OVSICORIUNA) y la Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN: UCR-ICE que agrupa a la Escuela Centroamericana de Geología de la Universidad de Costa Rica y al Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico del Arenal y Miravalles del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, acrónimos en orden: ECG, UCR, OSIVAM e ICE). Estos institutos se enfocan principalmente en los volcanes que representan un alto riesgo para la capital San José y la Gran Área Metropolitana, en el centro de Costa Rica (2.2 millones de habitantes), y aquellos cerca de centrales hidroeléctricas y geotérmicas. La vigilancia se apoya en una red de 59 estaciones sísmicas, 5 medidores de infrasonido, 25 sitios GPS permanentes, 2 DOAS, 3 MultiGAS permanentes, 13 cámaras web y análisis sistemático de muestras en los laboratorios de geoquímica y petrología. Estas instituciones comunican sus resultados de forma rutinaria a las autoridades a cargo de la gestión de peligros nacionales e internacionales (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riegos y Atención de Emergencias y Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre, respectivamente), y permanecen en la búsqueda permanente de colaboraciones científicas.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Severity of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Three Latin American Cities: Mexico City-Mexico, Great Metropolitan Area-Costa Rica and Bogota-Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Murillo DDS, MDSc ◽  
Maria Alejandra Vargas DDS, Sp ◽  
Jacqueline Castillo MSc ◽  
Juan Jaime Serrano DDS, Sp ◽  
Gloria Marcela Ramirez DDS, Sp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
American Cities

Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and can affect 100% of the population. Gingivitis prevalence in Latin American population is not well documented, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in adult populations of three Latin American cities.   Methods: This cross sectional multicenter study included 1650 participants, 550 from the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica (GAM), 550 from Mexico City, Mexico (CDMX) and 550 from Bogota City, Colombia (BC). Subjects completed a questionnaire about their medical history and oral hygiene. Clinical assessment included recording of missing teeth, visible plaque index, calculus recording and gingival index (GI, Loe-Silness index).  Results: Average GI was 1.36. No statistical difference was found between GAM (1.45) and BC (1.48); however, GI in CDMX was significantly lower (1.16). Average gingival bleeding on probing was 43%. Total plaque index was 0.76 showing the highest accumulation at interproximal sites (p=0.0001). A positive correlation was found between plaque and gingivitis (r=0.59). Dental calculus was present in at least one of the 18 evaluated sites per subject with no statistical difference between cities. There was no statistical difference in GI between smokers, former smokers and non- smokers.  Conclusion: Gingivitis prevalence was 99.6%. Moderate Gingivitis was the predominant form, with no statistically significant difference between cities or gender. Dental plaque accumulation was the most important risk factor associated with the establishment of the disease.

Empirical evaluation of site effects in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Moya ◽  
V. Schmidt ◽  
C. Segura ◽  
I. Boschini ◽  
K. Atakan
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
San Jose

Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries in Foster-Care Children and Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Solis-Riggioni ◽  
C Gallardo-Barquero ◽  
D Chavarria-Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Foster Care ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student’S T

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries among institutionalized children and adolescents in San José, Costa Rica. Study design: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 201 children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 17 years. Participants were selected by following pre-established criteria from 33 shelters located in the province of San José, Costa Rica. The International Caries Detection Assessment System (ICDAS) method was used for caries assessment. ANOVA and Student's T-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Caries prevalence was estimated at 96.35% among participants in the study. No significant difference was found for sex (p=0.653) or age group (p=0.349). Regarding caries severity, it was found that early enamel lesions were the most frequent pathology, representing 79.2% of decayed surfaces. Conclusions: This study found that different risk factors (social, psychological, economic, and personal) may be related to the high prevalence of dental caries in foster-care children and adolescents. Special strategies may need to be developed to prevent and treat dental caries in this vulnerable population.

El abuso de la libertad de expresión y sus responsabilidades

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Emma Nogales de Santivañez
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Derechos Humanos

La libertad de expresión es un derecho humano que está reconoci-do en la Constitución Política del Estado, en su Art. 21 inc. 3, y se halla también en tratados y convenios internacionales, de los cua-les el más importante a juicio de la autora, por ser a nivel inter-americano, es la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos o Pacto de San José de Costa Rica de 22 de noviembre de 1969. Esta convención ha sido ratificada por Bolivia, por tanto está en la obligación de cumplirla y establecer los mecanismos necesarios para exigir, a su vez, su cumplimiento.

Factores socioeconómicos y educativos que influyen en el rendimiento escolar en Español y Matemáticas en una muestra de sexto año de Costa Rica

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-98
Author(s):  
Rosa Herminia Perla Perla
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Para Determinar

Con el propósito de aportar elementos a una discusión sobre el mejoramiento de la calidad de la educación y sobre los esfuerzos orientados en tal dirección, se estudió el rendimiento escolar de 1,320 estudiantes matriculados en 1999 en el sexto año en escuelas de la Dirección Regional de Enseñanza de San José, Costa Rica. Mediante análisis correlacionales, de varianza simples y multivariados y de regresión múltiple, se procuró determinar en qué medida los factores socioeconómicos y educativos relacionados con el proceso educativo escolar inciden en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Se analizaron datos (a) proporcionados por los padres para determinar la ocupación del padre y de la madre, el nivel educativo del padre y de la madre, el nivel de ingreso económico del hogar y el tamaño de la biblioteca del hogar; (b) aportados por los maestros, con el fin de indagar su grado académico, su antigüedad docente, su salario, el tamaño de la clase, el número de horas lectivas y el número de libros de texto utilizados por cada estudiante en la escuela; (c) proporcionados por los directores de la escuela respecto del presupuesto escolar para materiales didácticos y al tamaño de la biblioteca de la institución; y (d) resultantes de la administración de pruebas comprensivas en las disciplinas de Español y Matemáticas. Los resultados muestran que, a excepción del tamaño de la matrícula escolar, todas las variables independientes involucradas en el estudio están asociadas significativamente con el rendimiento académico. Se propone el mejor modelo predictor del rendimiento académico en la población del estudio.

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