Preparation of the Femoral Head Prior to Milling: Does Inclusion of the Articular Cartilage Influence Impaction?

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head (AVNFH) is a disease caused by injury to the blood supply of the femoral head, resulting in a collapse with osteonecrosis and damage to the articular cartilage. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has been demonstrated to improve AVNFH owing to its anti-inflammation activity, angiogenesis effect, and tissue regeneration in clinical treatment. However, there are still so many pieces of the jigsaw that need to be fit into place in order to ascertain the mechanism of ESWT for the treatment of AVNFH. The study demonstrated that ESWT significantly protected the trabecular bone volume fraction BV/TV ( P < 0.01 ) and the trabecular thickness ( P < 0.001 ), while in contrast, the trabecular number and trabecular separation were not significantly different after treatment as compared with AVNFH. ESWT protected the articular cartilage in animal model of AVNFH. The levels of IL1-β and IL33 were significantly induced in the AVNFH group ( P < 0.001 ) as compared with Sham and ESWT groups and reduced in ESWT group ( P < 0.001 ) as compared with AVNFH group. In addition, the expression of the receptor of IL33, ST2, was reduced in AVNFH and induced after ESWT ( P < 0.001 ). The expression of IL17A was induced in the AVNFH group ( P < 0.001 ) and reduced in the ESWT group ( P < 0.001 ). Further, the expression of the receptor of IL17A, IL17RA, was reduced in the AVNFH group ( P < 0.001 ) and improved to a normal level in the ESWT group as compared with Sham group ( P < 0.001 ). Taken together, the results of the study indicated that ESWT modulated the expression of IL1-β, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL33 and IL17A, and their receptors ST2 and IL17RA, to protect against loss of the extracellular matrix in the articular cartilage of early AVNFH.

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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DEGENERATION IN POST-COLLAPSE OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) ◽

10.2106/00004623-200506000-00012 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 1272-1277

Author(s):

ROBERT A. MAGNUSSEN ◽

FARSHID GUILAK ◽

THOMAS P. VAIL

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Femoral Head ◽

Cartilage Degeneration ◽

Articular Cartilage Degeneration

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Differentially expressed genes in the femur cartilage transcriptome clarify the understanding of femoral head separation in chickens

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97306-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ludmila Mudri Hul ◽

Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli ◽

Igor Ricardo Savoldi ◽

Débora Ester Petry Marcelino ◽

Lana Teixeira Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Femoral Head ◽

Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Cellular Activation ◽

Bone Anomalies

AbstractLocomotor problems are among one of the main concerns in the current poultry industry, causing major economic losses and affecting animal welfare. The most common bone anomalies in the femur are dyschondroplasia, femoral head separation (FHS), and bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), also known as femoral head necrosis (FHN). The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes in the articular cartilage (AC) of normal and FHS-affected broilers by RNA-Seq analysis. In the transcriptome analysis, 12,169 genes were expressed in the femur AC. Of those, 107 genes were DE (FDR < 0.05) between normal and affected chickens, of which 9 were downregulated and 98 were upregulated in the affected broilers. In the gene-set enrichment analysis using the DE genes, 79 biological processes (BP) were identified and were grouped into 12 superclusters. The main BP found were involved in the response to biotic stimulus, gas transport, cellular activation, carbohydrate-derived catabolism, multi-organism regulation, immune system, muscle contraction, multi-organism process, cytolysis, leukocytes and cell adhesion. In this study, the first transcriptome analysis of the broilers femur articular cartilage was performed, and a set of candidate genes (AvBD1, AvBD2, ANK1, EPX, ADA, RHAG) that could trigger changes in the broiler´s femoral growth plate was identified. Moreover, these results could be helpful to better understand FHN in chickens and possibly in humans.

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ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2018.0727 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 285 (1879) ◽

pp. 20180727 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Armita R. Manafzadeh ◽

Kevin Padian

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Femoral Head ◽

Joint Capsule ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Joint Mobility ◽

Hip Joints ◽

Mobility Data ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Common Quail

Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. We manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail and recorded biplanar fluoroscopic videos to measure a ‘ligamentous’ range of motion (ROM), which was then compared to an ‘osteological’ ROM on a ROM map. Nearly 95% of the joint poses predicted to be possible at the hip based on osteological manipulation were rendered impossible by ligamentous constraints. Because the hip joint capsule reliably includes a ventral ligamentous thickening in extant diapsids, the hip abduction of extinct ornithodirans with an offset femoral head and thin articular cartilage was probably similarly constrained by ligaments as that of birds. Consequently, in the absence of extraordinary evidence to the contrary, our analysis casts doubt on the ‘batlike’ hip pose traditionally inferred for pterosaurs and basal maniraptorans, and underscores that reconstructions of joint mobility based on manipulations of bones alone can be misleading.

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