Racial-Ethnic Women and Work: Towards an Analysis of Race and Gender Stratification

Abstract In this study, we investigate the obstacles to growth and the mitigating strategies of high-performing (over $1 million in revenues) entrepreneurial businesses, and how these differ between businesses owned by Black and White entrepreneurs and between female and male entrepreneurs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis methods. Findings reveal that the lack of access to capital is faced by all groups of entrepreneurs, but that Black and female entrepreneurs additionally faced racial discrimination and gender bias obstacles to their business growth. While all entrepreneurs used social capital strategies to mitigate the barriers to growth that their businesses faced, Black and female entrepreneurs additionally employed faith and prayer as well as business engagement in governmental and corporate diversity initiatives as strategies to overcome the obstacles. Implications of the findings for the entrepreneurial business growth of racial/ethnic minority and female-owned firms are discussed.

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Balancing Research and Service in Academia: Gender, Race, and Laboratory Tasks

Gender & Society ◽

10.1177/0891243219867917 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 131-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Candace Miller ◽

Josipa Roksa

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minority ◽

White Men ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Gendered Organizations ◽

Minority Men ◽

And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Depth Interviews

Our study highlights specific ways in which race and gender create inequality in the workplace. Using in-depth interviews with 67 biology PhD students, we show how engagement with research and service varies by both gender and race. By considering the intersection between gender and race, we find not only that women biology graduate students do more service than men, but also that racial and ethnic minority men do more service than white men. White men benefit from a combination of racial and gender privilege, which places them in the most advantaged position with respect to protected research time and opportunities to build collaborations and networks beyond their labs. Racial/ethnic minority women emerge as uniquely disadvantaged in terms of their experiences relative to other groups. These findings illuminate how gendered organizations are also racialized, producing distinct experiences for women and men from different racial groups, and thus contribute to theorizing the intersectional nature of inequality in the workplace.

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Monetary Tightening and the Dynamics of US Race and Gender Stratification

American Journal of Economics and Sociology ◽

10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00826.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 603-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

STEPHANIE SEGUINO ◽

JAMES HEINTZ

Keyword(s):

Gender Stratification ◽

Race And Gender ◽

And Gender

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Who Gets Ahead and Who Falls Behind During the Transition to High School? Academic Performance at the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender

Social Problems ◽

10.1093/socpro/spx044 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 154-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

April Sutton ◽

Amy G Langenkamp ◽

Chandra Muller ◽

Kathryn S Schiller

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Transition ◽

School Transition ◽

Black Boys ◽

Transition To High School ◽

Gender Stratification ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Academic stratification during educational transitions may be maintained, disrupted, or exacerbated. This study marks the first to use national data to investigate how the transition to high school (re)shapes academic status at the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender. We seek to identify the role of the high school transition in shaping racial/ethnic and gender stratification by contextualizing students’ academic declines during the high school transition within the longer window of their educational careers. Using Add Health, we find that white and black boys experience the greatest drops in their grade point averages (GPAs). We also find that the maintenance of high academic grades between the eighth and ninth grades varies across racial/ethnic and gender subgroups; higher-achieving middle school black boys experience the greatest academic declines. Importantly, we find that white and black boys also faced academic declines before the high school transition, whereas their female student peers experienced academic declines only during the transition to high school. We advance current knowledge on educational stratification by identifying the transition to high school as a juncture in which boys’ academic disadvantage widens and high-achieving black boys lose their academic status at the high school starting gate. Our study also underscores the importance of adopting an intersectional framework that considers both race/ethnicity and gender. Given the salience of high school grades for students’ long-term success, we discuss the implications of this study for racial/ethnic and gender stratification during and beyond high school.

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Legislating at the Intersections: Race, Gender, and Representation

Political Research Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1065912919858405 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 819-833

Author(s):

Beth Reingold ◽

Kirsten Widner ◽

Rachel Harmon

Keyword(s):

Women Of Color ◽

Multiple Forms ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Gender Policy ◽

Elective Office ◽

Intersectional Representation ◽

Legislative Activity ◽

And Gender ◽

Policy Agendas ◽

Racial Ethnic

Record numbers of women, and in particular women of color, are gaining elective office across the country. This article explores how their presence in legislative bodies might make a difference in policy agendas and legislative advocacy, especially at the intersections of race and gender. Leveraging original datasets of Democratic lawmakers and the bills they sponsor in fifteen U.S. state houses in 1997 and 2005, we examine multiple forms of race–gender policy leadership and how it is tied to legislators’ race–gender identity. Testing theories of intersectional representation, we find that women of color often are the most likely race–gender policy leaders. Indeed, our measures of race–gender policy leadership reveal the distinctive representational work of women of color, which traditional, single-axis measures of legislative activity on behalf of women or racial/ethnic minorities cannot.

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Sweet and Sour: Social Networks and Inequality in a Chinese Restaurant

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity ◽

10.1177/2332649217705673 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 114-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katherine Michelle Hill

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

Wage Inequality ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Asian Immigrant ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Chinese Restaurant ◽

Ethnic Networks ◽

And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Restaurant Owners

The author examines how immigrant networks and labor segmentation by race and gender facilitate inequality in immigrant-owned restaurants. The author conducted three months of participant observation at an immigrant-owned restaurant and supplemental interviews with 18 workers and owners at similar restaurants in Austin, Texas. Labor segmentation by gender and race resulted in varied degrees of wage inequality, surveillance, and exposure to hazardous working conditions. Also, although ethnic networks among workers offer benefits, embedded in these networks are unwritten rules of obligation, gift giving, and repayment. Shared ethnicity or identity as immigrants did not prevent immigrant owners from exploiting workers of the same ethnicity and other immigrant workers. Ultimately, the author argues that ethnic networks are embedded in the larger economy and context of racial-ethnic hierarchies. This research sheds light on everyday interactions among Asian immigrant restaurant owners and workers. The author highlights how an uncritical focus on the benefits of ethnic networks obscures constraints in social networks.

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The progression of diversity: Black women in neurosurgery

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2020.12.focus20945 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. E9

Author(s):

Jean-Paul Bryant ◽

Diana I. Nwokoye ◽

MaKayla F. Cox ◽

Nnenna S. Mbabuike

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Historical Context ◽

Disproportionate Representation ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Current State ◽

The Us ◽

And Gender ◽

Organized Medicine ◽

Racial Ethnic

While diversity in organized medicine has undoubtedly improved, a disparity remains in the racial and gender makeup of its constituents. This disparity is not distributed equally among all specialties of practice. The surgical subspecialties exemplify this phenomenon by having large gaps between the number of women and racial/ethnic minorities compared to their majority counterparts. Pertaining to neurosurgery in the US, this gap is substantial, with women reaching minority status only within the last 2 years. Among international women in neurosurgery, Black women are even further underrepresented despite efforts in recent years to close the gender gap. The reason for this disparity is likely multifactorial, as Black women demonstrate a unique intersectionality as a minority in regard to both race and gender. In this study, the authors provide historical context for the current state of diversity in neurosurgery and the global strides made by Black women within the field. The authors report recurrent themes in the experiences of Black female neurosurgery attendings and residents as revealed through personal interviews. Furthermore, they examine factors that contribute to the disproportionate representation of Black women in neurosurgery.

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Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael S. Rodi ◽

Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽

Christine Walrath ◽

Robert L. Stephens ◽

D. Susanne Condron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Service Access ◽

Referral Patterns ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Lee Smith ◽

Prevention Behavior ◽

Key Variables ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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