Appropriate Technology for the Third Development Decade

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Klaus-Heinrich Standke
Keyword(s):  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Development Decade

Improved nitrogen removal in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors by incorporation of Anammox bacteria into the granular sludge

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Schmidt ◽  
D.J. Batstone ◽  
I. Angelidaki
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anammox Activity ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Uasb Reactors

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors may offer a number of advantages over conventional mixed-tank, SBR, and biofilm reactors, including high space-loading, low footprint, and resistance to shocks and toxins. In this study, we assessed the use of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor technology as applied to anaerobic ammonia removal, or Anammox. Four 200 ml UASB reactors were inoculated with 50% (by volume) anaerobic granular sludge and 50% flocular sludge from different sources (all with the potential for containing Anammox organisms). Tools used to assess the reactors included basic analyses, fluorescent in-situ hybridisation, and mathematical modelling, with statistical non-linear parameter estimation. Two of the reactors showed statistically identical Anammox activity (i.e., identical kinetic parameters), with good ammonia and nitrite removal (0.14 kgNHx m-3 reactor day-1, with 99% ammonia removal). The third reactor also demonstrated significant Anammox activity, but with poor identifiability of parameters. The fourth reactor had no statistical Anammox activity. Modelling indicated that poor identifiability and performance in the third and fourth reactors were related to an excess of reduced carbon, probably originating in the inoculum. Accumulation of Anammox organisms was confirmed both by a volume loading much lower than the growth rate, and response to a probe specific for organisms previously reported to mediate Anammox processes. Overall, the UASB reactors were effective as Anammox systems, and identifiability of the systems was good, and repeatable (even compared to a previous study in a rotating biological contactor). This indicates that operation, design, and analysis of Anammox UASB reactors specifically, and Anammox systems in general, are reliable and portable, and that UASB systems are an appropriate technology for this process.

The 1970s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Loxley
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Second Development ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Global Growth

The UN’s Second Development Decade strategy aimed at 6 per cent annual economic growth and greater equity among social groups. The Survey supported the call for a New International Economic Order, a radical reorganization of global relations. But global turmoil frustrated most of these goals. The resultant shift towards monetarism slowed global growth, especially in poorer countries, greatly enhancing their debt servicing problems. Successive issues of the Survey called for equitable global expansion, greater policy coordination, more concessional financing for developing countries and reduced trade barriers. Here, the Survey was often ahead of its time. It argued for the basic needs approach, appropriate technology, rural–urban balance, and prudential borrowing. It said little or was silent about the role of women, dependency theory, and the limits to growth in this decade.

The Concept of "Appropriate Technology": An Appraisal from the Third World

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred A. Ndongko ◽  
Sunday O. Anyang
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

scholarly journals Maori Education in 1993: A Review and Discussion

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathie Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
Research Report ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Was 1993 a happening year or was 1993 a happening year! A number of significant events, in national as well as global terms, occurred. It was: the centenary year of Women’s Suffrage in Aotearoa; the International Year of the World’s Indigenous People, linking “an estimated 250 million indigenous people in more than seventy countries around the world” (Te Puni Kokiri, 1993a); an election year; and the final year of the Development Decade, which was outlined as the third objective of the kawenata, the covenant, declared by Maoridom at the Hui Taumata, the Maori Economic Development Summit held in 1984, marked in Te Rapa this year with the holding of the 1993 National Commercial and Economic Development Conference, organised by the Ki Tua o Te Arai Trust (Te Puni Kokiri, 1993b). Each of these events has major implications for Maori education during 1993 and beyond. Analyses of the implications of these events for Maori education provide the major organising themes for this paper. The events of 1993 have stimulated much critical debate, research and scholarly analyses of the issues they encompass. We will all be the richer for the publication of these new works. Numerous conferences have been held and books launched. Some of the books capturing this year’s themes with significance for Maori education include: Standing in the Sunshine (Coney, 1993); Maori Women and the Vote (Rei, 1993); Nga Mahi Whakaari a Titokowaru, Ruka Broughton’s previously unpublished draft doctoral thesis (Broughton, 1993) (the first Maori text on Titokowaru to be published, following the two previously published texts in English by Pakeha writers); Learning Liberation: Women as Facilitators of Learning (Manchester and O’Rourke, 1993); Te Ara Tika: Maori and Libraries – A Research Report (MacDonald, 1993); Educating Feminists: Life Histories and Pedagogy (Middleton, 1993); Te Maori i roto i nga Mahi Whakaakoranga – Maori in Education (Davies and Nicholl, 1993); Women Together: A History of Women’s Organisations in New Zealand (Else et al., 1993); and Te Hikoi Marama, Volume 2 – A Directory of Maori Information Resources (Szekely, 1993)...

Formal Education Systems and Poverty-Focused Planning

1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Colclough
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
National Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
The Third World

Over the first U.N. development decade the Third World has made rather faster progress, as measured by the growth in national incomes, than had been expected. Nevertheless, though the average income per capita has risen by about 50 per cent since 1960 (with total income having almost doubled), these increases have been very unequally distributed both between and within countries. This has led to the conclusion, now widely held, that growth-oriented development strataegies are alone unlidely to solve the problem of poverty. Similarly, there has been a move away from the confidence placed upon the growth of national income per capita as an effective index of social welfare. There has therefore been a quickening interest, particularly on the part of multilateral and bilataeral donor agencies – notably the World Bank, I.L.O., O.D.M., and S.I.D.A. – in promoting changes in domestic policies within the Third World which would focus more upon increasing the welfare of the poorest groups.

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