Postmortem Changes, Time of Death and Identification

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Vincent J.M. DiMaio ◽  
D. Kimberley Molina
Keyword(s):  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Of Death

scholarly journals Gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik limpa pada hewan coba postmortem

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidya R. Goni ◽  
Djon Wongkar ◽  
Sunny Wangko
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Microscopic Description ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Death Studies ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Morphologic Changes

Abstract: Morphologic changes of dead cells of an organ may be used as one of the alternatives to determine the time of death. Studies about macroscopic and microscopic postmortem changes in organs related to estimation of time of death are still limited. This study was aimed to obtain the macroscopic and microscopic changes of spleen based on the variation of time intervals up to 48 hours postmortem. This was a descriptive observational study that used two domestic pigs as animal model. The results showed that the macroscopic changes in the spleen occurred at 5 hours postmortem, characterized by changes in color and length. The spleen looked darker and became shorter (15 cm to 14.5 cm). At 30 hours postmortem, whitish spots appeared on the surface of the spleen. The earliest microscopic changes occured at 5 hours postmortem, characterized by congestion of Malpighian corpuscles. At 24 hours postmortem, a lot of cells in the Malpighian corpuscles showed pyknotic nuclei, and at 48 hours postmortem, most of the cells in the Malpighian corpuscles had undergone karyorrhexis and karyolisis. Conclusion: The earliest macroscopic changes occured at 5 hours postmortem meanwhile the earliest microscopic changes occured at 5 hours postmortem as congestion of Mapighian corpuscles. The lymphocytes inside the corpuscles showed pyknotic nuclei at 24 hours postmortem and became karyorrhexis as well as karyolysis at 48 hours postmortem.Keywords: macroscopic and microscopic description, spleen, postmortem Abstrak: Perubahan morfologi sel mati dari suatu organ dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk menentukan lama waktu kematian. Penelitian mengenai perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik postmortem dari organ-organ sebagai alternatif perkiraan waktu kematian belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik limpa postmortem berdasarkan variasi waktu sampai 48 jam. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional menggunakan dua ekor babi domestik sebagai hewan coba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan makroskopik limpa pada hewan coba mulai tampak pada 5 jam postmortem ditandai dengan perubahan warna dan panjang limpa. Limpa tampak lebih gelap dan menjadi lebih pendek (15 cm menjadi 14,5 cm). Pada 42 jam postmortem muncul bercak-bercak pucat pada permukaan limpa. Perubahan mikroskopik limpa mulai tampak pada 5 jam postmortem yang ditandai dengan kongesti korpus Malpighi. Pada 24 jam postmortem sebagian besar limfosit dalam korpus memperlihatkan inti piknotik yang menjadi karioreksis dan kariolisis pada 48 jam postmortem. Kata kunci: gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik, limpa, postmortem

scholarly journals RELATION OF POSTMORTEM CHANGES DEVELOPMENT AND EXACT POSTMORTEM INTERVAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
E. Grygorian ◽  
V. Olkhovsky ◽  
M. Gubin
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Body Score ◽  
Total Body

RELATION OF POSTMORTEM CHANGES DEVELOPMENT AND EXACT POSTMORTEM INTERVAL Grygorian E., Olkhovsky V., Gubin M. Purpose: Precise postmortem interval’s evaluation is crucial in cases when violent types of death are suspected by forensic medical examiner. There are different factors that could affect results of postmortem interval (PMI) evaluation by forensic medical expert. The aim of this study was to study connections between the known postmortem time interval and the degree of particular postmortem changes’ development. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 116 forensic medical examinations of deceased persons (of female persons n = 58, of males n = 58), in cases of non-violent death, was performed. Data about time of death was obtained from police preliminary records provided to the examination - only cases with known time of death prescription were included to study. Postmortem changes were evaluated by Total Body Score (TBS) [1] at equal time interval after death (48 hours ± 3 hours). Interconnection between postmortem changes degree and PMI was estimated using Spearman’s rank correlation. Difference between sexes was evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: “Thickness of clothes” criterion reached the highest positive correlation coefficient, “ambient temperature” criterion had also a significant positive correlation. The rest of studied criteria had very weak correlation with the development of postmortem changes. Conclusions: Several criteria had significant (p < 0.05), yet week, impact on the postmortem changes’ development. The other criteria were statistically insignificant. Keywords: forensic medicine, forensic medical examination, postmortem interval, thanatology.   Резюме. ЗВ’ЯЗОК РОЗВИТКУ ПОСТМОРТАЛЬНИХ ЗМІН І ДАВНОСТІ НАСТАННЯ СМЕРТІ Григорян Е.К., Ольховський В.О., Губін М.В. Мета: Точна оцінка терміну, що пройшов з моменту настання смерті, має вирішальне значення у випадках, коли судово-медичний експерт підозрює насильницькі види смерті. Існують різні фактори, які можуть вплинути на результати оцінки давності настання смерті (ДНС) судово-медичним експертом. Метою даного дослідження було вивчення зв’язку між відомою давністю настання смерті і ступенем розвитку конкретних посмертних змін. Матеріали та методи: Було проведено аналіз 116 судово-медичних експертиз померлих осіб (жінок n = 58, чоловіків n = 58) у випадках ненасильницької смерті. У дослідження були включені тільки випадки з відомим терміном давності настання смерті, дані про час настання смерті були отримані із супровідної документації правоохоронних органів, наданої на експертизу. Посмертні зміни оцінювали за методом Total Body Score (TBS) [1] через однаковий проміжок часу після настання смерті (48 годин ± 3 години). Взаємозв’язок між ступенем посмертних змін і ДНС був оцінений з використанням рангової кореляції Спірмена. Різниця між статями була оцінена з використанням U-критерію Манна-Уїтні. Результати: Критерій «товщина одягу» мав найвищий позитивний коефіцієнт кореляції, критерій «температура навколишнього середовища» також мав значну позитивну кореляцію. Решта вивчених критеріїв мали дуже слабку кореляцію з розвитком посмертних змін. Висновки: Кілька критеріїв мали значний (р <0,05), але слабкий вплив на розвиток посмертних змін. Решта критеріїв були статистично незначущими.  Ключові слова: судова медицина, судово-медична експертиза, давність настання смерті, танатологія.   Резюме. СВЯЗЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ПОСТМОРТАЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ И ДАВНОСТИ НАСТУПЛЕНИЯ СМЕРТИ Григорян Э.К., Ольховский В.А., Губин Н.В. Цель: Точная оценка срока, прошедшего с момента наступления смерти, имеет решающее значение в случаях, когда судебно-медицинский эксперт подозревает насильственные виды смерти. Существуют различные факторы, которые могут повлиять на результаты оценки давности наступления смерти (ДНС) судебно-медицинским экспертом. Целью данного исследования было изучение связей между известной давностью наступления смерти и степенью развития конкретных посмертных изменений. Материалы и методы: Был проведен анализ 116 судебно-медицинских экспертиз умерших лиц (женщин n = 58, мужчин n = 58) в случаях ненасильственной смерти. В исследование были включены только случаи с известным сроком давности наступления смерти, данные о времени наступления смерти были получены из сопроводительной документации правоохранительных органов, предоставленной на экспертизу. Посмертные изменения оценивали по методу Total Body Score (TBS) [1] через одинаковый промежуток времени после наступления смерти (48 часов ± 3 часа). Взаимосвязь между степенью посмертных изменений и ДНС была оценена с использованием ранговой корреляции Спирмена. Различие между полами было оценено с использованием U-критерия Манна-Уитни. Результаты: Критерий «толщина одежды» имел наивысший положительный коэффициент корреляции, критерий «температура окружающей среды» также имел значимую положительную корреляцию. Остальные изученные критерии имели очень слабую корреляцию с развитием посмертных изменений. Выводы: Несколько критериев оказали значительное (р <0,05), но слабое влияние на развитие посмертных изменений. Остальные критерии были статистически незначимыми. Ключевые слова: судебная медицина, судебно-медицинская экспертиза, давность наступления смерти, танатология.

scholarly journals Gambaran Histopatologik Paru pada Hewan Coba Postmortem

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sekar N. Ali ◽  
Sunny Wangko ◽  
Sonny J.R. Kalangi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Histological Change ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Histological Changes

Abstract: Postmortem changes play an important role in estimation of the time of death. This study was aimed to obtain the histopathological changes of lungs at several time intervals postmortem. This was a descriptive observational study using a local pig as the animal model killed by stabbing in the heart. Lung samples were taken at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The results showed that the earliest histological change could be identified at 60 minutes postmortem in the form of alveolar dilatation. At 2 hours postmortem, congestion of smooth muscle layers of bronchioles was observed. The epithelial cells of the alveoli were undetected at 3 hours postmortem meanwhile the smooth muscle layers were undetected at 12 hours postmortem. At 24 hours postmortem, the bronchioles were still detected but the structure of their layers could not be identified. Conclusion: Histopathological changes were observed as alveolar dilatation at 60 minutes postmortem, followed by congestion of muscle layers, and undetected epithelial alveolar cells as well as smooth muscle layers. At 24 hours postmortem, bronchioles were still detected but the structure of their layers could not be identified.Keywords: histological changes, lungs, postmorterm Abstrak: Perubahan postmortem berperan penting untuk memperkirakan waktu kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan perubahan histopatologik paru hewan coba postmortem pada beberapa interval waktu. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif-observasional menggunakan hewan coba satu ekor babi lokal yang dimatikan dengan tikaman pada jantung. Sampel paru diambil dalam waktu 15 menit, 30 menit, 45 menit, 60 menit, 75 menit, 90 menit, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam, 12 jam dan 24 jam postmortem. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan pada 60 menit postmortem terjadi dilatasi alveoli. Pada 2 jam postmortem tampak kongesti lapisan otot polos. Pada 3 jam postmortem sel-sel epitel alveoli tidak tampak lagi dan pada 12 jam postmortem lapisan otot polos tidak terdeteksi. Pada 24 jam postmortem bronkiolus masih dapat dideteksi tetapi struktur lapisannya tidak teridentifikasi. Simpulan: Perubahan awal histopatologik paru babi postmotem ini dimulai pada 60 menit postmortem berupa dilatasi alveoli, diikuti kongesti lapisan otot polos, serta tidak terdeteksinya sel-sel epitel alveoli dan lapisan otot polos. Pada 24 jam postmortem bronkiolus masih terdeteksi tetapi struktur lapisannya tidak teridentifikasi lagi.Kata kunci: perubahan histologik, paru, postmortem

Postmortem Changes and Time of Death

2012 ◽  
pp. 145-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Prahlow ◽  
Roger W. Byard
Keyword(s):  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Of Death

scholarly journals Gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik pankreas pada hewan coba postmortem

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Livya R. Goni ◽  
Djon Wongkar ◽  
Shane H.R. Ticoalu
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Police Investigation ◽  
Macroscopic Examination

Abstract: Medicolegal examination is beneficial in police investigation inter alia to determine the time of death and causes as well as mechanisms of death. Postmortem macroscopic and microscopic changes could be alternatives to estimate the time of death. This study was aimed to obtain the microscopic and macroscopic postmortem changes in pancreas based on the variation of time up to 48 hours. This was a descriptive observational study using two domestic pigs as animal model. Pancreas samples were obtained at time intervals as follows: 0 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 16 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, 24 hours, 26 hours, 28 hours, 30 hours, 33 hours, 36 hours, 39 hours, 42 hours, and 48 hours postmortem. The macroscopic examination showed changes in its consistency at 8 hours postmortem, followed by changes in color, consistency, and length during 39 hours postmortem. Microscopic changes of pancreas occurred at 2 hours postmortem as congestion of the acini. At 5 hours postmortem, the acinar cells were difficult to be identified; most of their nuclei were distributed out of the cells. At 8 hours postmortem the structures of acini could not be identified and the cells had undergone karyolysis. At 10 hours postmortem the structures of all acini could not be identified. Conclusion: Postmortem macroscopic changes of pancreas began at 8 hours postmortem meanwhile microscopic changes began at 2 hours postmortem as acinar congestion. At 8 hours postmortem most acini’s structures could not be identified and their cells’ nuclei underwent karyolysis.Keywords: macroscopic and microscopic changes, postmortem, pancreas Abstrak: Pemeriksaan medikolegal sangat bermanfaat bagi bidang pnyidikan untuk menentukan lama kematian, penyebab kematian, serta mekanisme kematian suatu individu. Perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik postmortem dari organ tubuh dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif untuk memperkiraan waktu kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik organ pankreas postmortem berdasarkan variasi waktu sampai 48 jam. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional dengan menggunakan dua ekor babi domestik sebagai hewan coba. Sampel pankreas diambil pada interval waktu 0 jam, 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam, 8 jam, 10 jam, 12 jam, 14 jam, 16 jam, 18 jam, 20 jam, 22 jam, 24 jam, 26 jam, 27 jam, 30 jam, 33 jam, 36 jam, 39 jam, 42 jam, 45 jam, dan 48 jam postmortem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan makroskopik pankreas pada hewan coba dimulai pada 8 jam postmortem berupa perubahan konsistensi, diikuti perubahan warna, konsistensi, dan panjang pankreas pada 39 jam postmortem. Perubahan mikroskopik pankreas dimulai pada 2 jam postmortem berupa kongesti asini pankreas. Pada 5 jam postmortem sel-sel asini telah sulit diidentifikasi; sebagian besar inti sel sudah tersebar di luar sel. Pada 8 jam postmortem struktur sebagian besar asini sudah tidak jelas dengan sel-sel yang mengalami kariolisis. Pada 10 jam postmortem struktur seluruh asini pankreas tidak dapat diidentifikasi. Simpulan: Perubahan makroskopik pankreas dimulai pada 8 jam postmortem. Perubahan mikroskopik dimulai pada 2 jam postmortem berupa kongesti asini; dan sejak 8 jam postmortem struktur asini sudah tidak jelas dengan sel-sel yang mengalami kariolisis. Kata kunci: perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik, postmortem, pankreas

scholarly journals FORENSIC MEDICAL ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AT DIFFERENT POSTMORTEM INTERVAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
E. Grygorian ◽  
V. Olkhovsky ◽  
M. Gubin ◽  
V. Shishkin
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation

Purpose: The postmortem interval (PMI) evaluation is one of priorities while performing a forensic medical examination of corpse. To date, there is lack of information of morphological postmortem changes of some internal organs. Considering the persistent need to develop the method for a precise assessment of PMI, postmortem changes in these potentially informative organs were evaluated. The aim of study was to analyze morphological postmortem changes in prostate and uterus. Materials and Methods: histological samples of 40 prostate tissues and 40 uterus (n=80) from corpses of deceased aged 18-75 years. Only cases with known time of death were included to study, the time of death was taken from police reports. Exclusion criteria were cases of violent death, cases of death with massive blood loss, tumors of studied internal organs, cases when diagnosis was not made by a forensic medical examiner. The PMI of studied cases ranged from 1 to 6 days. Histological slides were made with a staining by hematoxylin and eosin, x200 magnification, using Olympus ВХ41 and Olympus ВХ46 microscopes, Olympus SC50 camera. Postmortem morphological changes were evaluated by a calculation of blank spaces percentage in microscopical structures using a JS-based program. Connection between PMI and morphological changes was calculated by the Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: the average percentage of blank spaces in uterus tissues was smaller than in prostate tissues (1,99 and 9,65 relatively). The slower growing of blank spaces was in uterus. In prostate samples, a notable increase of blank spaces was observed between 48 and 72 hours after the death. After this period, the increase slowed down and then an increase was observed again between 120 and 144 hours after the death. In uterus samples, a slight acceleration observed between 72 and 120 hours after the death and then slowing down between 120 and 144 hours after the death. Blank spaces in evaluated histological slides were increasing directly proportional to the PMI, a statistically significant interconnection was defined (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The morphological postmortem changes in prostate and uterus were developing at certain time frames. Blank spaces percentage, in studied histological slides, were increasing directly proportional to the PMI increase, a statistically significant interconnection was defined. Therefore, the results of study show the possibility of the evaluation of a postmortem time interval by assessing such morphological changes in these organs, which could be used in forensic medical cases.

Suicide-Bereaved Individuals’ Attitudes Toward Therapists

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin F. Ward-Ciesielski ◽  
Madeline D. Wielgus ◽  
Connor B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Suicide Bereaved ◽  
Research Domain

Background: Suicide-bereaved individuals represent an important group impacted by suicide. Understanding their experiences following the suicide of a loved one is an important research domain, despite receiving limited attention. Although suicide-bereaved individuals may benefit from mental health treatment, their attitudes toward therapy and therapists are poorly understood. Aims: The present study aimed to understand the extent to which bereaved individuals’ attitudes toward therapy and therapists are impacted by whether their loved one was in therapy at the time of death. Method: Suicide-bereaved individuals (N = 243) from the United States were recruited to complete an online survey about their experience with and attitudes toward therapy and therapists following the suicide of a loved one. Results: Bereaved individuals whose loved one was in therapy at the time of death (N = 48, 19.8%) reported more negative and less positive attitudes toward the treating therapist than those whose loved one was not in therapy at the time of death (N = 81, 33.3%) or whose loved one was never in therapy/the deceased’s therapy status was unknown (N = 114, 46.9%). Conclusion: The deceased’s involvement with a therapist appears to be an important factor impacting the experience of bereaved individuals and should be considered when attempting to engage these individuals in postvention.

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