scholarly journals Fellow Citizens or Aliens? Galician Refugees during the First World War in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-812
Author(s):  
Kamil Ruszała
Keyword(s):  
General Problem ◽  
First World War ◽  
Local People ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918) forced the countless civilians to leave their homes and to become war refugees. This topic has remained largely unexplored by the historians. The number of refugees from the multinational Galicia in the years 1914–1918 was large in many parts of the former Austria-Hungary, which finds its reflection in archival materials scattered over various archives and over an extensive territory. This paper presents the issue of the Galician war refugees who found themselves in the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. It also outlines the general problem of emigration as well as describes relations between the refugees and the local people. It was not only due to antagonisms but also due to the administrative decisions of the Hungarian authorities that the Galician refugees remained alien to the locals, despite the fact they all were citizens of the same Habsburg Monarchy.

scholarly journals Donosicielstwo, niespełnione ambicje czy zdrada stanu?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Tomasz Pudłocki
Keyword(s):  
School Community ◽  
First World War ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
German Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Language Teacher ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Informants, Unfulfilled Ambitions or High Treason? Problems of the Educational Environment of Stanisławów in the Years 1914-1915 in the Light of the Investigation into Michał Jezienicki, the Head of the 1st Gimnasium The author uses the files from the investigation into Michał Jezienicki, the head of the 1st Gymnasium with Polish as the language of instruction, to take a closer look at the problems faced by the citizens of Stanisławów during the first Russian occupation. The files have allowed to recreate the atmosphere between the members of the school community and answer the question to what extent it was a derivative of the headmaster’s nervousness and to what extent due to the unfulfilled ambitions of Teofil Erben, the German language teacher who initiated the investigation into Jezienicki. Thus, the article shows the problem of informants, widespread during the First World War, and the issue of loyalty to the Habsburg monarchy, which was still considered very profitable by many members of the elite.

Ethno-cultural Nature of the East Slavic Population of Gabsburg Empire as Covered in the “Russkaya Pravda” Journal (Chernovtsy, 1910–1913)

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 368-377
Author(s):  
Oleg G. Kazak
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
First World War ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
First World

The article examines «Russkaya Pravda» («Russian Truth») journal publications issued in Chernovtsi in 1910–1913. This periodical advocated the idea that the East Slavic population of the Habsburg monarchy (Bukovina, Galicia, Ugric Rus) belonged to the common all-Russian national-cultural community. The main issue covered in «Russkaya Pravda» publications was that of the nature of the Ukrainian national movement somewhat supported by the authorities. The periodical analyzed the main mechanisms of all-Russian movement suppression in Austria-Hungary (namely, the ban on Russophile institutions, manipulations during the 1910 population census, numerous violations and abuses during the parliamentary campaign of 1911, persecution of the Orthodox Church). «Russkaya Pravda» journal is a valuable information source on the history of the East Slavic population of the Habsburg monarchy on the verge of the First World War.

Two Strategies in Serbian Politics in Croatia and Hungary before the First World War

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Miller
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
Recent Attention

With the recent attention given to the breakup of Yugoslavia, it is important to emphasize that the Serbs of Croatia and Hungary have always feared, rightly or wrongly, for their cultural, economic, and physical existence. The most prominent Serbian political parties in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Habsburg monarchy staked their reputations on their ability to defend the Serbian nation from cultural assimilation. The parties examined in this article were no exception. They believed that their primary task was to assure the continued existence of a Serbian nationality in Croatia and Hungary. In this article, the politics surrounding the Serbian Orthodox church in the Habsburg monarchy will provide the framework for an analysis and comparison of the political strategies of the two largest Serbian parties in Croatia and Hungary, the Independent and Radical parties.

Ein gescheitertes Experiment? Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in der multiethnischen Armee der Habsburgermonarchie

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa Hämmerle
Keyword(s):  
Social Acceptance ◽  
First World War ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First World

A Failed Experiment? Conscription in the Multi-Ethnic Army of the Habsburg Monarchy The article first looks at public military debates around 1900 which focused on the implementation of universal conscription in Austria-Hungary and concentrated on ethnic tensions within the empire. Ethnic conflicts were increasingly made responsible for the erosion of the Habsburg dual monarchy's foundations and its joint military. Against this background, the introduction and organisation of universal conscription since 1868 are analysed with a particular focus on the regulations set up to respond to the multi-ethnic structure of the Austrian-Hungarian army. The analysis continues with some aspects that reveal the social acceptance of the new recruiting system and led to very different reactions in the various regions of the monarchy. As a result the factors behind the problems and limits in implementing universal conscription transcended the multi-ethnic structures of Austria-Hungary. Thus multi-ethnicity was by no means the only cause of the problems. Only in combination with other categories such as religion, class, gender or social inequality, ethnicity could develop a disintegrative effect. However, this disintegrative impact remained limited in most territories of the Habsburg monarchy and could not challenge the general acceptance of universal conscription during the First World War.

scholarly journals Imperial Thinking and Colonial Combat in the Early Twentieth-Century Italian Army

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Vanda Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
First World War ◽  
Local People ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Army Officers ◽  
First World

Abstract Although designed primarily as a national institution, between the 1880s and the First World War the Italian army's military operations were all in the colonial sphere. By 1914, Italy claimed an extensive empire in East and North Africa. How far did imperialism shape Italian military culture and institutions? I identify ‘imperial thinking’ across nine areas of army activity. Italian colonialism relied on a pervasive narrative of Italian benevolence – italiani brava gente – with Italian conduct in war or as imperial rulers portrayed as inherently mild. This was accompanied by a set of anxieties we might term Adwa syndrome: after Italy's defeat by Ethiopia at Adwa in 1896, the Italian army was acutely afraid of possible violent uprisings by the local people. Many army officers expected betrayal and brutality from their colonial enemies or subjects, and acted accordingly. This outlook shaped the army's conduct both in the colonies and when dealing with European adversaries in the First World War. While the army of late Liberal Italy was structurally and doctrinally a national army, it was increasingly imperialist in mindset and outlook, which directly affected its conduct on and off the battlefield.

scholarly journals THE ILLEGAL TRADE ON THE VOLHYN’ SECTION OF THE POLISH-SOVIET BORDER DURING 1920–1924

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Marchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
First World War ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Local People ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The article is dedicated to the issue of the illegal trade on the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border. The customs policy was a part of the state’s foreign policy and the smuggling has arose and developed as a counteraction to this policy. The foreign policy of the state and the domestic economic situation have determined the causes of smuggling, the range and channels of smuggled goods’ transportation. The Soviet Ukraine and the Second Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have suffered significant losses as a result of the First World War and the Soviet-Polish wars and were in the highly difficult economic conditions. Smuggling was an inevitable consequence of the industrial goods and food shortage. During 1920 – 1924 the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border becomes a place of an active illegal trade between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Unsettled border on both sides, weak security contributed to the spread of smuggling, which mainly the local people took part in. During the period studied, the range of smuggled goods has changed – in the 1920 – 1921 period, together with manufacture, the greater part of the smuggled goods were consumer goods, such as: spices (bay leaF. pepper, cinnamon), tea, coffee, cacao, chocolate, matches, candles, blacking, soap, etc. The flow of smugglers, as well as the goods’ quantity, was not always the same and, first of all, depended on the border’s security both, form the Polish and Soviet side; however, it was inconsistent. In further, the consumer goods disappear from the list of smuggled goods, being replaced with of all sorts of manufactured goods.

Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Zumr
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
First World War ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Federal State ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Masaryk was a philosopher, sociologist, politician and first president of the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–35). Initially he aimed to change the Habsburg monarchy into a democratic federal state, but during the First World War he began to favour the abolition of the monarchy and, with the help of the Allied powers and the Czechoslovakian foreign armed forces, won independence for his nation. Masaryk’s philosophy of history posited democracy achieving victory over theocracy as a stage in world evolution. He regarded democracy as both a political system and a humanistic world outlook.

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