scholarly journals Characteristics of direct transesterification using ultrasound on oil extracted from spent coffee grounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-478
Author(s):  
Yeong Su Kim ◽  
Duk Gam Woo ◽  
Tae Han Kim

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), the residue after brewing coffee beverage, is a promising biodiesel feedstock due to its high oil contents (15‒20%). However, SCG should be pretreated to reduce the high free fatty acid content, which hampers transesterification reaction. To overcome this, we explored a direct transesterification reaction of SCG using ultrasound irradiation and identified the optimal sonication parameters. A high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, up to 97.2%, could be achieved with ultrasound amplitude of 99.2 <i>μ</i>m, irradiation time of 10 min, and methanol to oil ratio of 7:1 in the presence of potassium hydroxide concentration of 1.25 wt.%. In addition, we demonstrated that ultrasound irradiation is an efficient method to produce biodiesel from untreated SCG in a short time with less energy than the conventional mechanical stirring method. The physical and chemical properties of the SCG biodiesel met the requirements for an alternative fuel to the current commercial biodiesel.

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
Riham Kanaan ◽  
Elissar Al-Aawar ◽  
Bassam Riachi ◽  
Salim Nassreddine ◽  
Diana-Luciana Cursaru ◽  
...  

Low cost, high fatty acid content waste cooking oil was transformed into biodiesel using an acid catalyzed chemical esterification reaction with 0.5 vol.% of H2SO4 at 60�C for 1 hour followed by the main transesterification reaction. For the purpose of comparison, biodiesel fuel was also prepared using straight vegetable oils (SVO�s). The gas chromatography test showed higher than 95% FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) content for different types of utilized feedstocks. Biodiesel fuel and its blends were characterized based on ASTM test methods to investigate its density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, heating value, and its cetane index and similar physical properties were obtained for all the prepared biodiesel fuels. B20 blend, which contains 20 vol.% of biodiesel and 80 vol.% of diesel, showed a better performance than B0 (100 vol.% of diesel) when tested in a laboratory compression ignition diesel engine. After simulation of the production process via Aspen Hysys, a feasibility study was conducted and the results revealed that utilizing waste cooking oils (WCO�s) as feedstock is more economical than starting with SVO�s as raw material.


2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Calixto ◽  
João Fernandes ◽  
Ricardo Couto ◽  
Elvis J. Hernández ◽  
Vesna Najdanovic-Visak ◽  
...  

Fuel ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zayed Al-Hamamre ◽  
Sascha Foerster ◽  
Franziska Hartmann ◽  
Michael Kröger ◽  
Martin Kaltschmitt

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Estela Chavez-Sandoval ◽  
Karen Fernanda Hernández-Salgado ◽  
Martha Martínez-García ◽  
Hugo Joaquín Ávila-Paredes ◽  
Fidel Humberto Díaz-Álvarez ◽  
...  

Abstract. Biofuels have been obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats and recently from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria or yeasts that present a significant content of triacylglycerols through a transesterification reaction. Technical problems with biodiesel or agrodiesel (Term recently used, in this work we will use biodiesel), include oxidative stability, cold flow, and increased NOx emissions. The solution to these problems involves the use of additives on the one hand or modifying the fatty acid composition of the microorganisms alternatively, either through changes in the cultivation temperature, addition of nanomaterials, or through genetic modification, to obtain high-quality biofuels. In this work, two species of microalgae with high fatty acid content were obtained, Botryococcus braunii originating from Cuzco, Peru and Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169, from Marble Point, Antarctica, both were cultivated under optimal conditions and later direct transesterification was performed to obtaining biodiesel.  The main objective was to develop an economical and viable process that allows it to compete with fossil fuels, based on obtaining biomass and the transesterification method. Here, direct transesterification was effective and allows to significantly reduce the problems associated with the increase in costs of obtaining biodiesel, because reduces critical steps, also the biodiesel thus obtained represents an advance in the development of high-quality biofuels, large-scale and inexpensive.   Resumen. Los biocombustibles se han obtenido desde finales del siglo XIX a partir de aceites vegetales, grasas animales y recientemente a partir de microorganismos como algas, bacterias o levaduras que presentan un contenido significativo en triacilgliceroles mediante una reacción de transesterificación. Algunos de los problemas técnicos con el biodiésel o agrodiesel (término usado recientemente, en este trabajo usaremos biodiesel) son: estabilidad oxidativa, flujo en frío y aumento de emisiones de NOx. La solución a estos problemas incluye el uso de aditivos, por un lado, o modificar la composición de ácidos grasos de los microorganismos por otro, ya sea mediante cambios en la temperatura de cultivo, adición de nanomateriales, o mediante modificación genética, para obtener biocombustibles de alta calidad. En este trabajo se utilizaron dos especies de microalgas con gran contenido en ácidos grasos, Botryococcus braunii originaria de Cuzco, Perú y Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169, de Punta Mármol, Antártida, ambas fueron cultivadas en óptimas condiciones y posteriormente se realizó la transesterificación directa para obtener el biodiésel.  El principal objetivo fue desarrollar un proceso económico y viable, que permita competir con los combustibles fósiles, a partir de la obtención de biomasa y el proceso de transesterificación. La transesterificación directa fue exitosa y permitió reducir significativamente los problemas asociados con el aumento de costos de obtención de biodiésel, ya que reduce pasos críticos del proceso, además el biodiésel así obtenido representa un avance en el desarrollo de biocombustibles de alta calidad, a gran escala y de bajo costo.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Orchidea R. ◽  
Armanto Armanto ◽  
Lidia Yustianingsih ◽  
M. Rachimoellah

Rice bran oil (RBO) derived from rice bran (RB) which could use as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production. Rice bran (dedak) are used as feed for poultry, pigs, and some dairy cattle because they are relatively cheap and do not require processing. The utilization of these oil further cheapen the cost of biodiesel and increased the economonic value of RB. The choice of RBO as a raw material for biodiesel due to the rice bran oil’s potentials. RBO is considered to be one of the most nutritious oils due to its favorable fatty acids composition and a unique combination of naturally occurring biologically active and antioxidant compounds (oryzanol, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, polyphenol, dan squalene). The research emphazised on esterification reaction because of the rapid increase of FFA content in RBO after the milling of rice. Storage time of RB increased the FFA content. Mixing velocity dan time reaction was the other two variables which are affecting the esterification reaction. Those two variables are studied in this experiment.                 Experiment were designed to examine the mixing velocity and temperature reaction to the conversion of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Reaction condition 20:1 molar ratio methanol to FFA content and 5%-v/v catalyst (to the oil) was used in all experiments. Mixing velocity and time reaction was arranged as follows: 500, 750,  1000 rpm and 40, 50, 60oC, respectively. Research conducted in four parts: soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as a solvent; oil-solvent separation process; and the last step was esterification reaction. Reaction conducted on three neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, refluk condenser and thermometer. Crude product was separated first from unreacted methanol, glycerol, and catalyst prior to physical analyzed of biodiesel’s properties. Conversion of FAME was calculated from acid value difference, after and before reaction conducted.                 It was found that mixing velocity influenced the FAME conversion not significantly (specially in crude rice bran oil high fatty acid content esterification); increasing in temperature will increase the FAME conversion; kinetic reaction controlled by chemical reaction; and biodiesel product from this research already fullfill the requirements of Indonesian Standard of Biodiesel (FBI-SO1-03).


Author(s):  
Kristelle L. Quijote ◽  
Alchris Woo Go ◽  
Ramelito C. Agapay ◽  
Yi-Hsu Ju ◽  
Artik Elisa Angkawijaya ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 122334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My Linh Nguyen ◽  
Fu-Ming Wang ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
Chia-Hung Su

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.


Lipids ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Griffiths ◽  
R. P. van Hille ◽  
S. T. L. Harrison

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