scholarly journals Enhancing Reasoning with the Extension Rule in CDCL SAT Solvers

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 33 - 2020 - Special... ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Konan Tchinda ◽  
Clémentin Tayou Djamegni

The extension rule first introduced by G. Tseitin is a simple but powerful rule that, when added to resolution, leads to an exponentially stronger proof system known as extended resolution (ER). Despite the outstanding theoretical results obtained with ER, its exploitation in practice to improve SAT solvers' efficiency still poses some challenging issues. There have been several attempts in the literature aiming at integrating the extension rule within CDCL SAT solvers but the results are in general not as promising as in theory. An important remark that can be made on these attempts is that most of them focus on reducing the sizes of the proofs using the extended variables introduced in the solver. We adopt in this work a different view. We see extended variables as a means to enhance reasoning in solvers and therefore to give them the ability of reasoning on various semantic aspects of variables. Experiments carried out on the 2018 and 2020 SAT competitions' benchmarks show the use of the extension rule in CDCL SAT solvers to be practically beneficial for both satisfiable and unsatisfiable instances. La règle d'extension introduite pour la première fois par G. Tseitin est une règle simple mais puissante qui, ajoutée à la résolution, conduit à un système de preuves plus puissant appelé résolution étendue (ER). Malgré les résultats théoriques remarquables obtenus avec ER, son exploitation pratique pour améliorer l'efficacité des solveurs SAT pose encore quelques problèmes. Plusieurs tentatives visant à intégrer la règle d'extension aux solveurs CDCL SAT existent dans la littérature, mais les résultats ne sont en général pas aussi prometteurs qu'en théorie. Une remarque importante à faire sur ces tentatives est qu'elles se concentrent pour la plupart sur la réduction de la taille des preuves à l'aide des variables étendues introduites dans le solveur. Nous adoptons dans ce travail un point de vue différent. Nous considérons les variables étendues comme un moyen d'améliorer le raisonnement dans les solveurs et donc de leur donner la capacité de raisonner sur différents aspects sémantiques des variables. Les expérimentations réalisées sur les instances tirées des compétition SAT 2018 et 2020 montrent que l'utilisation de la règle d'extension dans les solveurs CDCL est bénéfique aussi bien pour les instances satisfiables que celles insatisfiables.

Author(s):  
Jan Elffers ◽  
Jesús Giráldez-Cru ◽  
Stephan Gocht ◽  
Jakob Nordström ◽  
Laurent Simon

Over the last decades Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) have developed to the point where they can handle formulas with millions of variables. Yet a deeper understanding of how these solvers can be so successful has remained elusive. In this work we shed light on CDCL performance by using theoretical benchmarks, which have the attractive features of being a) scalable, b) extremal with respect to different proof search parameters, and c) theoretically easy in the sense of having short proofs in the resolution proof system underlying CDCL. This allows for a systematic study of solver heuristics and how efficiently they search for proofs. We report results from extensive experiments on a wide range of benchmarks. Our findings include several examples where theory predicts and explains CDCL behaviour, but also raise a number of intriguing questions for further study.


2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Larrosa ◽  
Emma Rollon

The refutation power of SAT and MaxSAT resolution is challenged by problems like the soft and hard Pigeon Hole Problem PHP for which short refutations do not exist. In this paper we augment the MaxSAT resolution proof system with an extension rule. The new proof system MaxResE is sound and complete, and more powerful than plain MaxSAT resolution, since it can refute the soft and hard PHP in polynomial time. We show that MaxResE refutations actually subtract lower bounds from the objective function encoded by the formulas. The resulting formula is the residual after the lower bound extraction. We experimentally show that the residual of the soft PHP (once its necessary cost of 1 has been efficiently subtracted with MaxResE) is a concise, easy to solve, satisfiable problem.


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 691-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTI JÄRVISALO ◽  
EMILIA OIKARINEN

AbstractWe introduce an extended tableau calculus for answer set programming (ASP). The proof system is based on the ASP tableaux defined in the work by Gebser and Schaub (Tableau calculi for answer set programming. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 2006), S. Etalle and M. Truszczynski, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4079. Springer, 11–25) with an added extension rule. We investigate the power of Extended ASP Tableaux both theoretically and empirically. We study the relationship of Extended ASP Tableaux with the Extended Resolution proof system defined by Tseitin for sets of clauses, and separate Extended ASP Tableaux from ASP Tableaux by giving a polynomial-length proof for a family of normal logic programs {Φn} for which ASP Tableaux has exponential-length minimal proofs with respect to n. Additionally, Extended ASP Tableaux imply interesting insight into the effect of program simplification on the lengths of proofs in ASP. Closely related to Extended ASP Tableaux, we empirically investigate the effect of redundant rules on the efficiency of ASP solving.


1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. El-Taha ◽  
D. E. Clark

AbstractA Logistic-Normal random variable (Y) is obtained from a Normal random variable (X) by the relation Y = (ex)/(1 + ex). In Monte-Carlo analysis of decision trees, Logistic-Normal random variates may be used to model the branching probabilities. In some cases, the probabilities to be modeled may not be independent, and a method for generating correlated Logistic-Normal random variates would be useful. A technique for generating correlated Normal random variates has been previously described. Using Taylor Series approximations and the algebraic definitions of variance and covariance, we describe methods for estimating the means, variances, and covariances of Normal random variates which, after translation using the above formula, will result in Logistic-Normal random variates having approximately the desired means, variances, and covariances. Multiple simulations of the method using the Mathematica computer algebra system show satisfactory agreement with the theoretical results.


2020 ◽  
pp. 131-138

The nonlinear optical properties of pepper oil are studied by diffraction ring patterns and Z-scan techniques with continuous wave beam from solid state laser at 473 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index of the sample is calculated by both techniques. The sample show high nonlinear refractive index. Based on Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral, the far-field intensity distributions of ring patterns have been calculated. It is found that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results. Also the optical limiting property of pepper oil is reported. The results obtained in this study prove that the pepper oil has applications in nonlinear optical devices.


2016 ◽  
Vol 186 (8) ◽  
pp. 869-878
Author(s):  
Mikhail I. Vysotskii ◽  
Aleksandr D. Dolgov ◽  
Viktor A. Novikov
Keyword(s):  

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
MMATMATISA JALILOV ◽  
◽  
RUSTAM RAKHIMOV ◽  

This article discusses the analysis of the general equations of the transverse vibration of a piecewise homogeneous viscoelastic plate obtained in the “Oscillation of inlayer plates of constant thickness” [1]. In the present work on the basis of a mathematical method, the approached theory of fluctuation of the two-layer plates, based on plate consideration as three dimensional body, on exact statement of a three dimensional mathematical regional problem of fluctuation is stood at the external efforts causing cross-section fluctuations. The general equations of fluctuations of piecewise homogeneous viscoelastic plates of the constant thickness, described in work [1], are difficult on structure and contain derivatives of any order on coordinates x, y and time t and consequently are not suitable for the decision of applied problems and carrying out of engineering calculations. For the decision of applied problems instead of the general equations it is expedient to use confidants who include this or that final order on derivatives. The classical equations of cross-section fluctuation of a plate contain derivatives not above 4th order, and for piecewise homogeneous or two-layer plates the elementary approached equation of fluctuation is the equation of the sixth order. On the basis of the analytical decision of a problem the general and approached decisions of a problem are under construction, are deduced the equation of fluctuation of piecewise homogeneous two-layer plates taking into account rigid contact on border between layers, and also taking into account mechanical and rheological properties of a material of a plate. The received theoretical results for the decision of dynamic problems of cross-section fluctuation of piecewise homogeneous two-layer plates of a constant thickness taking into account viscous properties of their material allow to count more precisely the is intense-deformed status of plates at non-stationary external loadings.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatayo Michael Ogunmiloro ◽  
Fatima Ohunene Abedo ◽  
Hammed Kareem

In this article, a Susceptible – Vaccinated – Infected – Recovered (SVIR) model is formulated and analysed using comprehensive mathematical techniques. The vaccination class is primarily considered as means of controlling the disease spread. The basic reproduction number (Ro) of the model is obtained, where it was shown that if Ro<1, at the model equilibrium solutions when infection is present and absent, the infection- free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Also, if Ro>1, the endemic equilibrium solution is locally asymptotically stable. Furthermore, the analytical solution of the model was carried out using the Differential Transform Method (DTM) and Runge - Kutta fourth-order method. Numerical simulations were carried out to validate the theoretical results. 


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