scholarly journals Supplementation of Dairy Cows Grazing Intensively Managed Tropical Grass Pastures at Two Stocking Rates.

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293
Author(s):  
J. A. Yazman ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
H. Cestero ◽  
F. Román-García ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilu
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stocking Rates

The effects of stocking rate and level of supplementation with concentrate on cows grazing intensively managed tropical pastures were measured with four treatments: grazing alone at 2.5 head per ha per year (T1); grazing plus concentrate at the rate of 1 kg per 2 kg of milk irrespective of daily yield (T2); grazing plus concentrates at the rate of 1 kg per 2 kg above 10 kg daily (T3); and grazing at 5 head per ha plus concentrates at the same level as cows in T2 (T4). All three supplemented groups (T2, T3 and T4) produced significantly greater yields of milk and fat. Average milk yields (kg, M.E. basis) were 3450, 5568, 4709 and 5462 for cows on T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Cows on the higher level of supplement (T2 and T4) gained significantly more weight over the lactation period than cows on T1 and T3. The effect of the supplement appears to be greatest during the early part of lactation when physiological limitations on the consumption of pasture prevent sufficient nutrient intake to supply demand. Cows on T2 produced only 105 kg more milk than cows on T4, while the expected difference, based on increased pasture availability, was over 455 kg. The reduced difference in level of production is postulated as an effect of excessive pasture growth on both intake and diet selection. While milk production was highest for cows receiving the high levels of supplement (T2 and T4), expected return per lactation in income over the cost of supplements, lime and fertilizer were greatest for T3 (medium supplement). Expected returns on a per ha basis were greatest for T4 with 5 cows per ha. Results indicate that where land costs are high, most efficient use of pasture and concentrate resources may be reached by grazing at the rate of 5 head per ha and supplementing with concentrate at 1 kg per 2 kg of milk.

scholarly journals Performance of Holstein Cows Grazing on Intensively Managed Tropical Grass Pastures at Three Stocking Rates

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-327
Author(s):  
M. Antoni-Padilla ◽  
J. Fernández-Van Cleve ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
R. Quiñones-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Tropical Grass

In a grazing experiment at the Gurabo Agricultural Experiment Substation we measured the performance of Holstein cows at stocking rates of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cows per ha. All cows received concentrate feed at the rate of 1.0 kg per 2.0 kg of milk from the first to the 180th day of lactation and of 1.0 kg per 4.0 kg of milk thereafter. Results suggest that when a relatively high concentrate supplementation is given, well-fertilized tropical pastures may sustain grazing cows at the stocking rate of 5.0 cows per ha, as economically and safely as at the stocking rate of 2.5 cows/ha. The stocking rate of 5.0 cows per ha may be recommended for those regions where land and land maintenance costs are high.

scholarly journals How leverage can improve performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kmeťko ◽  
Eduard Hyránek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Risk Free Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Managed Portfolios ◽  
The Impact

One of the best-known Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAP/M) provides us with a methodology for measuring the relationship between the risk premium and the impact of leverage on expected returns. However, this model is not used only to value the cost of capital but also to evaluate the performance of managed portfolios. We will test how the expected return changes in percent by changing the debt-equity ratio and the tax rate based on following assumptions: market return 7%, risk-free rate of return 1% and beta 1.2. These assumptions will be constant and we will change the debt-equity ratio and tax rate. Based on these results, it is clear that the change in profitability varies, in relation to the change of the DE ratio by one tenth. As for changes I n tax rates, changes in expected profitability are not entirely in direct proportion to these changes.

scholarly journals Simulating the impact of fertiliser strategies and prices on the economics of developing and managing the Cicerone Project farmlets under climatic uncertainty

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Behrendt ◽  
James M. Scott ◽  
Oscar Cacho ◽  
Randall Jones
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Future Management

The application of fertilisers to pastures in the high rainfall regions of southern Australia has contributed to large increases in carrying capacity following the widespread adoption of the practice since the late 1940s. Recently, large shifts in the worldwide demand for fertiliser inputs have lead to large rises in the cost of fertiliser inputs. These increasing costs have significant potential ramifications on the future management of soil fertility and its interaction with the persistence and profitability of sown pastures, especially during periods of climatic uncertainty. A dynamic pasture resource development simulation model was used to investigate the implications of fertiliser rates and costs on the efficient management of soil fertility under climatic uncertainty. The framework also allowed the investigation of how the management of soil fertility interacts with the utilisation of pasture resources through different stocking rates. In the application of this method to the Cicerone Project farmlets case study, fertiliser input costs were found to influence the optimal combination of fertiliser inputs and stocking rate. Analyses of the dynamic interaction between fertiliser application and cost, stocking rate and the persistence of desirable species enabled the identification of the most risk-efficient strategies. The implications for grazing industries in the high rainfall regions of southern Australia are discussed.

White clover incorporation at high nitrogen application levels: results from a 3-year study

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Guy ◽  
D. Hennessy ◽  
T. J. Gilliland ◽  
F. Coughlan ◽  
B. McClearn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Content

Context High nitrogen (N)-fertiliser application levels and high stocking rates have been shown to optimise herbage dry-matter (DM) production in grass-only systems. Conversely, swards including white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are commonly suited to production systems at low N-fertiliser application levels (<150 kg N/ha) and low stocking rates (fewer than two livestock units (LU) per hectare). Despite this, the use of N fertiliser on grass–clover swards has generally increased during the past few decades, particularly in more intensively managed swards under dairy farming. Increasing inorganic N decreases sward white clover content in grass–clover swards, and increasing stocking rate on grass–clover swards can result in damage to white clover plants. However, under high N-application levels, a high stocking rate can also potentially minimise the negative effects of increased grass growth on sward white clover content. Aims The objective of the present study was to investigate the persistency of white clover in an intensive animal-grazing system, under a high N-fertiliser application level (250 kg N/ha) and at a high stocking rate (2.75 LU per hectare) over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Methods The study was a 2 × 2 factorial design, consisting of two perennial ryegrass ploidies (diploid, tetraploid) and two white clover treatments (grass-only, grass–clover). Four sward treatments (diploid-only, tetraploid-only, diploid + clover, tetraploid + clover) were evaluated over a full grazing season at a system scale. Sward measurements were taken at each grazing occasion for 3 years. Key results Over the 3 years, grass–clover swards produced an additional 1468 kg DM/ha when compared with grass-only swards. Sward white clover content decreased by 17% over the three study years. Conclusions This decrease in sward white clover content led to a decrease in contribution to cumulative herbage DM production. Implications Although the present study showed that white clover inclusion can increase herbage DM production at high N-fertiliser application levels, in association with high stocking rates, the initial extra herbage DM production on grass–clover swards decreased each year. Further studies should be undertaken to investigate whether the decline in white clover persistence observed is progressive over a longer time period.

Grazing management studies with Australian cashmere goats. 1. Effect of stocking rate on the growth and fleece production of weaner goats grazing tropical pastures

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
BW Norton ◽  
CA Wilde ◽  
JW Hales
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tropical Legume ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Stocking Rates

Australian cashmere weaner goats were continuously grazed on either nitrogen (N) fertilised Pangola grass or mixed tropical legume-pangola grass pastures at 3 stocking rates (15, 30, 60 goats/ha). Grazing commenced in January and was terminated in May (18 weeks). Three parasite control treatments (Seponver, Avomec, Systemex) were superimposed on each treatment. Parasite egg counts, liveweight change, cashmere growth and changes in pasture components were measured. Intestinal parasite burdens were low (<400 eggs/g faeces) in all animals throughout the trial, and there were no significant effects of parasite control treatment on goat productivity. The liveweight gain of goats decreased with increasing stocking rate and time on pasture. Mean values for the liveweight change of goats on the legume-grass pasture were 66, 37 and 14 g/day at stocking rates of 15, 30 and 60 goats/ha, respectively. Comparable values for goats grazing N-fertilised pangola grass were 40, 39 and 23 g/day for stocking rates of 15, 30 and 60 goats/ha. Goats grazing the legume-grass pastures at the lowest stocking rate (15 goats/ha) had significantly higher liveweight gains than did goats on all other treatments. There were no significant effects of stocking rate, pasture type or worm control treatment on fleece growth in these goats. Mean values were 191 g, 39 g and 15.0 �m for fleece weight, cashmere weight and mean cashmere fibre diameter respectively. The major legume in the legume-grass pasture was siratro, with axillaris, greenleaf desmodium and cassia forming minor components (10-300 kg/dry matter (DM)/ha). During the first 6 weeks of grazing, all legume components increased under stocking rates of 15 and 30 goats/ha. Thereafter, there was a significant decline in siratro yield to less than 200 kg DMha at all stocking rates. During this same period, the yields of the other legumes generally increased, suggesting that at low stocking rates the goats preferred grass to legume, and when grass was limiting, siratro was the legume preferred over all others. Weed yields increased with time in all except the high stocking rate treatments. It was concluded that weaner goat growth can be maximised on tropical legume-pangola grass pastures when stocking rates and intestinal parasite burdens are low. Protein intake may be limiting growth on N-fertilised grass pastures.

Performance of sheep systems grazing perennial pastures. 4. Simulated seasonal variation and long-term production

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Susan M. Robertson ◽  
Michael A. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Stocking Rates

Choice of sheep-management system alters both production potential and the production risk due to variability in seasonal conditions. This study quantified production and gross margins from systems based on Merino ewes and varying in stocking rate, time of lambing, and the proportion of ewes joined to terminal-breed or Merino rams. Simulation studies were conducted between 1971 and 2011 using the AusFarm decision-support tool for a grazing property in southern New South Wales. Joining between December and May resulted in higher gross margins than in other months because of higher numbers of lambs sold combined with a lower requirement for supplementary feeding. More ewes could be carried per hectare for April joining than February joining to achieve the same midwinter stocking rate and risk of feeding. Self-replacing systems could produce median gross margins similar to those with replacement ewes purchased, but gross margins were sensitive to the cost of replacement ewes. Of the systems compared, February joining to Merino rams produced the lowest gross margins at all stocking rates, but this system also had the lowest variability among years. The advantage of different systems was dependent on seasonal conditions, which altered lamb production and supplementary feeding. The median ranking of systems for gross margin generally did not alter with changes in feed, sheep or wool values. Large increases in gross margins can be achieved through use of terminal-breed rams, optimal stocking rates and time of lambing, but the superiority of any option depended on production system, price assumptions and seasonal conditions.

Stocking rate trials in Ankole, Uganda: I. Weight gain of Ankole steers at intermediate and heavy stocking rates under different managements

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Harrington ◽  
D. Pratchett
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stocking Rates

SUMMARYA series of stocking rate trials running for differing periods between 1961 and 1972 are summarized. Weight gains of steers grazed at 2·4, 1·2, 0·8 and 0·6 ha/300 kg animal on Cymbopogon/Hyparrhenia/Themeda pasture are detailed. Subtreatments included continuous and rotational grazing and the removal of the unpalatable Cymbopogon afronardus.Weight gains at 0·6 ha/animal were higher than a linear relationship between stocking rate expressed as animals/ha and weight gain would predict. This was ascribed to the dominance of the high quality grass Brachiaria decumbens at this grazing pressure.Rotational grazing was less productive than continuous grazing, because C. afronardus increased more rapidly under this management, but there was less soil erosion. Removal of C. afronardus increased cattle growth rates and gains/ha by over 40% at 0·6 ha/animal. The cost of clearing this weed should be recovered in 2 years from a commercial cattle ranch. A grazing pressure of ca. 0·8 ha/animal is expected to maximize long-term profits on C. afronardus-free Ankole rangeland and in 3 years in this trial average gains of 0·29 kg/day/animal were achieved. This was an annual production level of 131 kg/ha/annum, which compared with 53 kg/ha at 2·4 ha/animal and 143 kg/ha at 0·6 ha/animal.

scholarly journals Milk Production with All-Grass Rations from Steep, Intensively Managed Tropical Pastures

1969 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-258
Author(s):  
Rubén Caro Costas ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Intensively Managed

Eight cows in Puerto Rico produced an average of 6,064 pounds of milk (25.2 pounds or 11.5 liters daily) over an 8-month lactation period on an all-grass ration from steep pastures of tropical grasses. Butterfat content of the milk averaged 3.8 percent, about average for Holsteins. All cows maintained normal body weights throughout the lactation. A 120-acre farm with all cows fed exclusively on well-fertilized and managed pastures could yield a profit of about $170 per acre yearly. The data suggest that the use of concentrate feeds, now almost universally fed at the rate of 1 pound per liter of milk, can be sharply reduced by using well fertilized pastures. On good pastures little or no concentrate feed should be required for the first 10 liters or so of milk produced.

Milk yields of cows fed maize and molasses supplements to tropical pastures at two stocking rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
TM Davison
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Friesian Cows

Twenty-four Friesian cows grazing green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)-glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pastures at 2 or 4 cows ha-1 were fed no supplement, 2.4 kg maize or 3.0 kg molasses cow-1 day-1. The experiment was a randomized block design and of six months duration. Milk yield and composition were similar for cows fed maize and molasses and these supplements increased average milk yield from 10.3 to 11.8 kg cow-1 day-1 (P < 0.05). Increased stocking rate reduced milk yield from 12.7 to 9.8 kg cow-1 (P < 0.01). Interactions of stocking rate with type of supplement were not significant (P > 0.05). The level of supplement intake and yield of pasture on offer accounted for 52 per cent of the variation in average milk yields (P < 0.01). Of the variation in milk yields between paddocks only 5 per cent was unaccounted for by this relationship.

Treatment of sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops to reduce phomopsin-induced liver damage (lupinosis) in Merino wether weaners

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
KP Croker ◽  
JG Allen ◽  
PM Wood ◽  
S Dhaliwal
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stocking Rates

An experiment was carried out with 4 methods of utilising sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops (unharvested, stubble, cut before leaf drop, cut and conserved as rolls), to compare the development of lupinosis in wether weaners at 2 stocking rates while they were growing during the summer period. Growth of weaners grazed on the cut lupin treatments was greater than on lupin stubbles at both 25 and 50 weaners/ha (grazing period 98 and 63 days, respectively). Weaners grazed on unharvested lupin crops gained the most liveweight at the lower stocking rate; at 50/ha, weaners on unharvested lupin grazed for longer than those in the other 3 treatments (98 v. 63 days). After 63 days of grazing over all lupin treatments, weaners at 50ka had more (P<0.05) liver damage than did those at 25ka. Amongst lupin treatments, weaners given fodder rolls had the least liver damage, whereas those on the stubbles had the most (P<0.05). After 98 days, the weaners grazed at 50ka on the unharvested crop and 25ka on stubble had the most liver damage. Those grazed at 25ka on the unharvested crop or on lupin fodder rolls had very little liver damage. Although fodder rolling of lupins did offer some protection against development of liver damage associated with the intake of phomopsins in lupins, larger liveweight gains were obtained on unharvested lupin crops. Therefore, greater flexibility would be available to farmers by leaving lupin crops to mature before deciding how to use them. This would avoid the cost of preparing fodder rolls, which provided no marked advantage in this experiment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document