scholarly journals RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF PHYSICIAN ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA AND MODERN PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1789-1794
Author(s):  
Durga Lal Sharma ◽  
Shri Ram Saini
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Good Patient ◽  
Modern Perspective

Ethics is a collection of principles that govern proper behaviour. In Ayurveda, the concept of ethics is strongly related to the concept of Dharma. Many instructions on appropriate medical practice can be found in Ayurveda textbooks. Chatushpada describes the qualities of a good patient and a good physician. The Adhyayana Vidhi clarifies the process of medical education as well as the rules for establishing future practises. Other milestones include Sadvritta and Vaidya Vrutti, which are extensive sets of standards for professional ethical conduct. Ayur- vedic Acharyas also instruct physicians on how to communicate with patients. As Ayurveda is the oldest medical science, ethical codes in medicine have existed since the beginning. In the numerous Ayurvedic Samhitas, refer- ences to medical ethics were described, including the responsibility of a physician, ideal qualities of a physician, surgeon qualities, medicinal dose (according to nature of individuals) and medicinal dosage for children, as well as specifics of post-mortem and anaesthetic. This paper enlightens the duties of a physician with Ayurvedic and modern perspectives. Keywords: Ayurveda, Duties, Physician

Is There a Moral Intention to Reproduce Someone Else?

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Atanas Anov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Surrogate Mother ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Future Child

"Moral intentions could be used as criteria for actions. In medical practice, moral intentions take an interesting form when the problem is related to post-mortem reproduction. This paper will attempt to 1) interpret the problem of intentions from principalist perspective in medical ethics; 2) relate the problem of intentions to post-mortem reproduction; 3) develop an existentialist account for intentions and post-mortem reproduction. Peter Zhu’s case is the latest ethical challenge in post-modern reproduction. Its moral sensitivity is high due to his presume intent to reproduce and the possibility for post-mortem reproduction using donors’ material and a surrogate mother. If we presume that the concept of presume intent lies with the general idea for intentions, we must tackle the problem from the perspective of respect for autonomy. The problem with intentions is that the prospective intentional action to reproduce belongs to one person only. Yet it appears that someone else is going to perform this action and someone else will finish it. Who should we hold responsible for this action: the person who intended to do it or the person who is intending to perform it and finish it? In Peter Zhu’s case, there are participants with different intentions that are with different moral value. The existentialist account of post-mortem reproduction and intending to reproduce will try to present why we should be careful with respect for autonomy. The ethical and existential consequences of such reproduction are that the future child would be brought to a life of suffering and vagueness. "

Policy Making in Medical Schools

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
American Health Care System ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
History Of

Medical schools today are being closely scrutinized. Questions have been raised about their educational policies, the activities of their faculty members, and the quality of care provided in their clinical facilities. The concern is due in part to the activities of the medical schools themselves, in part to their accountability for use of government funds, and in part to changes in the American health care system. It is thus appropriate to examine the history of American medical schools to understand how the central issues in medical education have changed and how medical schools have responded to the changes. In this study, medical schools in each period have been placed in the context of that period. Their educational policies have been analyzed in terms of the state of medical practice of the time. Their educational standards have been compared to those of other institutions of higher education. This chapter will develop a framework for the analysis by examining the major issues and groups involved in medical education. The casual reader may wish to know that this framework is not essential for understanding the historical narrative, and that each part of the narrative can be read independently. Because medical education is designed to prepare students for employment as physicians after graduation, a fundamental pedagogical issue concerns how to balance the need to teach students the basic concepts of medical science with the need to train them in the practical skills needed to practice medicine. This becomes particularly difficult when the two bodies of knowledge are as intellectually demanding and as different as they are in medicine. The science and practice of medicine, in their broadest sense, are concerned with the structure and functions of the human organism in health and disease, the causes of change from one to the other, the prevention of disease, and the means of restoring health when disease occurs. Medical science is concerned primarily with the first two of these, medical practice with the last three. Medical practice also involves a social and economic relationship between a patient and a physician. The patient agrees to compensate the physician, either directly or through a third party.

scholarly journals Survey of Medical Ethics Research with the Science Drawing Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Mousa Yaminfirooz ◽  
Khadijeh Tahmasbei ◽  
Sara Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Scientific Output ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Ethics Research ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Ethical Counseling

The advancement of human knowledge in the field of medical science has brought activists to the field with new ethical issues. addressing medical ethical issues is one of the essential requirements in the health system. at present, the evaluation of science production can provide a clear picture of the growth, progress and important issues of a scientific field. in this study, we aimed to identify important areas of research in the field of medical ethics through a scientometric study. This is a scientometrics research using one of the most important techniques of this method, namely, the drawing of science. the statistical population of the study consisted of 3333 scientific papers indexed in the WOS database by the end of 2019. a researcher-made checklist was used for data collection and Ravar-matrix and ucinet6 software were used for data analysis. The results showed that the amount of scientific output in the field of medical ethics is 3333, starting with 1946 with two documents and reaching 2019 with 104 documents. the average annual growth rate is 21.03%. the world of medical ethics consists of 9 clusters worldwide and the concepts of bioethics, ethical counseling, education, medical education and autonomy have been the most commonly used keywords in medical ethics research, respectively. Iranian products in this field also consist of 6 clusters which are the key concepts in medical ethics, bioethics, ethics committee, strategic planning and medical education.

Generating publicly available progress notes of authentic quality: A crowdsourcing-based approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Kagawa ◽  
Yukino Baba ◽  
Hideo Tsurushima
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Patient Privacy ◽  
Patient Anxiety ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Progress Notes ◽  
Research And Education

BACKGROUND Sharing progress notes as a common social capital is essential in research and education, but the content of progress notes is sensitive and needs to be kept confidential. Publishing actual progress notes are difficult due to privacy concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aims to generate a large repository of pseudo-progress notes of authentic quality. We focused on two requirements for authentic quality: the validity and consistency of the data, from the perspective of medical practice, and the empirical and semantic characteristics of progress notes, such as shorthand styles used for reporting changes in a patient's physical status, long narrative sentences detailing patient anxiety, and interprofessional communications. METHODS We proposed a practical framework that consists of a simulation of the notes and evaluation of the simulated notes. The framework utilized two human cognitive traits: (1) the ability to use imitation to simulate objects with diverse characteristics without background knowledge and (2) the use of comparison as a strategy for deep thinking. This enabled crowd workers to generate a large number of progress notes. Our framework involved three steps. In step 1, crowd workers imitated actual progress notes decomposed into subject data (S), object data (O), and assessment and plan (A/P). These imitated texts were then shuffled and recomposed in S, O, and A/P in order to create simulated progress notes. In step 2, crowd workers identified the characteristics of actual progress notes based on comparisons between actual and dummy progress notes. These characteristics were clustered based on their similarities. Each cluster exhibited the empirical and semantic characteristics of the actual progress notes. Finally, in step 3, the texts from step 1 that exhibited the identified characteristics from step 2 were evaluated as quality-guaranteed progress notes that met the two requirements. All data were preprocessed to protect patient privacy. RESULTS Step 1: By recomposing the 700 imitated texts, 9,856 simulated progress notes were generated. Step 2: 3,938 differences between actual progress notes and dummy progress notes were identified. After clustering, 166 characteristics were evaluated to be appropriate as empirical and semantic characteristics of the actual progress notes. Step 3: 500 crowd workers demonstrated that 83.0% of the simulated progress notes satisfied at least one of the characteristics obtained in step 2. The crowd workers' artificially-reproduced progress notes were evaluated to determine the most realistic, based on four metrics: disease, morpheme, readability, and reality. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that crowd workers could generate and evaluate highly professional documents. We have made our large repository of high-quality crowdsourced progress notes publicly available, and we encourage their use in the development of medical education and research.

scholarly journals Paediatric Residents and Fellows Ethics (PERFEct) survey: perceptions of European trainees regarding ethical dilemmas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. den Boer ◽  
A. Zanin ◽  
J. M. Latour ◽  
J. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
Healthcare Team ◽  
Medical Ethics Education ◽  
European Paediatric ◽  
Future Practice

AbstractWith an increasingly complex healthcare environment, ethics is becoming a more critical part of medical education. We aimed to explore European paediatric trainees’ experiences of facing ethical dilemmas and their medical ethics education whilst assessing their perceptions of ethical dilemmas in current and future practice. The Young Sections of the European Academy of Paediatrics and European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care developed an explorative online survey covering demographics, ethical dilemmas faced and ethics training. The survey was made available in nine languages from November 2019 to January 2020 via newsletters and social media. Participants (n = 253) from 22 countries, predominantly female (82%) and residents (70%), with a median age of 29-years, completed the survey. The majority (58%) faced ethical dilemmas monthly or more frequently. Most ethics training was received by ethics lectures in medical school (81%) and on the job (60%). A disagreement between the healthcare team and patient/family was the most frequently faced moral dilemma (45%); the second was withholding/withdrawing life-prolonging measures (33%). The latter was considered the most challenging dilemma to resolve (50%). Respondents reported that ethical issues are not sufficiently addressed during their training and wished for more case-based teaching. Many have been personally affected by moral dilemmas, especially regarding withholding/withdrawing life-prolonging measures, and often felt inadequately supported.Conclusion: Paediatric trainees face many moral issues in daily practice and consider that training about managing current and future ethical dilemmas should be improved, such as by the provision of a core European paediatric ethics curriculum. What is Known:• Paediatric services are becoming more complex with an increase in ethical dilemmas asking for rigorous training in ethics.• Ethics training is often lacking or covered poorly in both pre- and postgraduate medical education curricula.• Existing ethics training for European paediatric trainees is haphazard and lacks standardisation. What is New:• The PaEdiatric Residents and Fellows Ethics (PERFEct) survey provides insight into the European paediatric trainees’ views regarding ethical dilemmas in their current and future practice.• European paediatric trainees report a lack of ethics training during paediatric residency and fellowship.• This study provides content suggestions for standardised medical ethics training for paediatric trainees in Europe.

Reforming medical education: A review and synthesis of five critiques of medical practice

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1665-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Sales ◽  
Anthony L. Schlaff
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice

Physician moral injury in the context of moral, ethical and legal codes

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107225
Author(s):  
Philip Day ◽  
Jennifer Lawson ◽  
Sneha Mantri ◽  
Abhi Jain ◽  
David Rabago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Moral Injury ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Validity Tests

After 40 years of attributing high rates of physician career dissatisfaction, attrition, alcoholism, divorce and suicide to ‘burnout’, there is growing recognition that these outcomes may instead be caused by moral injury. This has led to a debate about the relative diagnostic merits of these two terms, a recognition that interventions designed to treat burnout may be ineffective, and much perplexity about how—if at all—this changes anything.The current research seeks to develop the construct of moral injury outside military contexts, generate more robust validity tests and more fully describe and measure the experiences of persons exposed to moral harms. Absent from the literature is a mechanism through which to move from the collective moral injury experience of physicians to a systematic change in the structure of medical practice. To address this, after providing a brief history, definitions and contrasts between burnout, moral distress and moral injury, we review the interplay of moral and ethical codes in the context of moral injury. We conclude by suggesting that professional associations can potentially prevent moral injury by providing protections for physicians within their codes of ethics.

On Being a Physician

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G Nabel
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Health Care Team ◽  
Medical Professionalism ◽  
Standards Of Accreditation

The role of a physician as healer has grown more complex, and emphasis will increasingly be on patient and family-centric care. Physicians must provide compassionate, appropriate, and effective patient care by demonstrating competence in the attributes that are essential to successful medical practice. Beyond simply gaining medical knowledge, modern physicians embrace lifelong learning and need effective interpersonal and communication skills. Medical professionalism encompasses multiple attributes, and physicians are increasingly becoming part of a larger health care team. To ensure that physicians are trained in an environment that fosters innovation and alleviates administrative burdens, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has recently revamped the standards of accreditation for today’s more than 130 specialties and subspecialties. This chapter contains 6 references and 5 MCQs.

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