Policy Making in Medical Schools

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
American Health Care System ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
History Of

Medical schools today are being closely scrutinized. Questions have been raised about their educational policies, the activities of their faculty members, and the quality of care provided in their clinical facilities. The concern is due in part to the activities of the medical schools themselves, in part to their accountability for use of government funds, and in part to changes in the American health care system. It is thus appropriate to examine the history of American medical schools to understand how the central issues in medical education have changed and how medical schools have responded to the changes. In this study, medical schools in each period have been placed in the context of that period. Their educational policies have been analyzed in terms of the state of medical practice of the time. Their educational standards have been compared to those of other institutions of higher education. This chapter will develop a framework for the analysis by examining the major issues and groups involved in medical education. The casual reader may wish to know that this framework is not essential for understanding the historical narrative, and that each part of the narrative can be read independently. Because medical education is designed to prepare students for employment as physicians after graduation, a fundamental pedagogical issue concerns how to balance the need to teach students the basic concepts of medical science with the need to train them in the practical skills needed to practice medicine. This becomes particularly difficult when the two bodies of knowledge are as intellectually demanding and as different as they are in medicine. The science and practice of medicine, in their broadest sense, are concerned with the structure and functions of the human organism in health and disease, the causes of change from one to the other, the prevention of disease, and the means of restoring health when disease occurs. Medical science is concerned primarily with the first two of these, medical practice with the last three. Medical practice also involves a social and economic relationship between a patient and a physician. The patient agrees to compensate the physician, either directly or through a third party.

scholarly journals Posthumanism and the New Ethics of Medical Practice—Epidemiology as the New Deontological Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Timea Vitan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vantage Points

In the context of the COVID19 pandemic, during last year all public attention has been focused on Medicine. Epidemiology is no longer just one medical specialty among many others, but became the main paradigm and the unique background of medical science. The individual pacient has turned into the collective pacient. Medical policies are not centered on the pacient anymore, but on its social group. In this article I will try to show how the characteristics of medical practice changed since the pandemic began and which are the deontological implications of such changes. With a short introduction on the medical policies proposed by the WHO during the last decades, I wish to underline the recent history of medical practice and its obvious turning point occasioned by the pandemic. Once the new bioethical vantage points are set, I wonder to which extent posthumanist philosophy foresaw this new deontological paradigm. Having Rosi Braidotti`s “The Posthuman” as my starting point, I maintain that medical doctors no longer practice on a humanist background, but with a sort of commitment that goes beyond the individual. However, this is not an antihumansit pledge, because contemporary medical doctors still adhere to certain humanist principles. As it so often happens, we will be left with even more questions. If the pacient is no longer the individual, but the group of individuals, which is the nature of a symptom and how should we decipher its meaning? How would a new medical science look like if we are to build it not on a human but on a posthuman biology?

Irish Medical Education and Student Culture, c.1850-1950

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Student Life ◽  
Student Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irish Medical

This book is the first comprehensive history of medical student culture and medical education in Ireland from the middle of the nineteenth century until the 1950s. Utilising a variety of rich sources, including novels, newspapers, student magazines, doctors’ memoirs, and oral history accounts, it examines Irish medical student life and culture, incorporating students’ educational and extra-curricular activities at all of the Irish medical schools. The book investigates students' experiences in the lecture theatre, hospital, dissecting room and outside their studies, such as in ‘digs’, sporting teams and in student societies, illustrating how representations of medical students changed in Ireland over the period and examines the importance of class, religious affiliation and the appropriate traits that students were expected to possess. It highlights religious divisions as well as the dominance of the middle classes in Irish medical schools while also exploring institutional differences, the students’ decisions to pursue medical education, emigration and the experiences of women medical students within a predominantly masculine sphere. Through an examination of the history of medical education in Ireland, this book builds on our understanding of the Irish medical profession while also contributing to the wider scholarship of student life and culture. It will appeal to those interested in the history of medicine, the history of education and social history in modern Ireland.

scholarly journals Documentary archives of the Museum of History of Kazan state medical university as historical source

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611
Author(s):  
R G Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Written Sources

The aim of the research - to evaluate complex documentary archives stored in the Museum of History of Kazan State Medical University as a source providing evidence needed for the reconstruction of various historic events linked to high medical education in Kazan. Source-classification methods, as well as external and internal criticism of historical documentary sources were applied. The article discusses the features of the documentary sources study analysis of the documentary archives stored at the Museum of History of the Kazan State Medical University. Stages of forming of a number of documentary collections that became the product of faculties, institute and later university clinical and theoretical departments’ activities, are characterized. While structuring an array of written sources, the decision to allocate three fundamental stages that determined the particular characteristics of documentary collections creation was made. The features of numerous documents were considered; their value for reconstruction of separate aspects of national medical science development in general, as well as the activities of the Kazan medical schools in particular, were defined. As a result of the source-study analysis of the written sources deposited in the Museum of History of Kazan State Medical University five independent groups were allocated. These are collection of business documents; collection of state certification documents; collection of personal papers; collection of official documents reserving copyrights; collection of manuscripts of scientific researches of scientists-physicians. Results of research allow to determine the source value and information potential of documentary archives of the Museum of history of the Kazan State Medical University. Written sources fund is an important historical source for studying the history of the Kazan medical schools, in general, and individual medical scientists, in particular. From the source-study point of view, an extensive array of documents that were not previously included in the scientific examination and require comprehensive analysis, are of considerable interest. Among them there are documents of healthcare manager V.V. Treiman, internist V.F. Bogoyavlenskiy, neurologist L.I. Omorokov, etc. Thus, documentary collections contribute to the expansion of the source base for researches.

Health Promotion in Medical Education

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Hospital

A significant portion of the deaths in the United States could have been prevented or postponed using known interventions. One reason this did not occur is because medical science and medical education are disease, not health, oriented. Since physicians are at the center of the health care delivery system, their disease orientation pervades the industry. Historically, there have been calls for physicians to focus more on disease prevention; however, medical education does not teach disease prevention/health promotion. There are several reasons for this: 1) medical school faculty conceptual discordance between “certainty” of curative disease vs. the “probability” of risk factor reduction; 2) gaps in the knowledge of effective interventions; 3) the concept that health promotion/disease prevention are outside the province of physicians; 4) the significant role of biomedical research grants on medical school funding; 5) the close association of medical education and the acute care hospital; and 6) the use of rote memory/lecture based teaching methods of traditional medicine vs. the problem-based learning necessary to teach disease prevention/health promotion. Some medical schools have begun to use problem based learning and to introduce health promotion concepts. Widespread and long-lasting change requires support of the leadership in medical schools and the preventive medicine/public health community, and grant funding from state and federal sources to support research on medical education research and change.

Walking the swards: medical education and the rise and spread of the botanical field class

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Living State ◽  
Informal Approach

Physic gardens expressly for teaching medical students to recognise herbs in the living state originated in northern Italy in 1543 and became a facility to which Europe's leading universities increasingly aspired. In default of one, the practice arose of taking students into the countryside instead; but that depended on there being a teacher who was also a keen field botanist. In the seventeenth century Paris, London and Edinburgh replaced Montpellier and Basle as the principal centres of this more informal approach, which eventually had one or two commercial imitators as well. When stricter qualifications governing medical practice in Britain induced a great expansion of medical schools there after 1815 student excursions were taken in Scotland to new heights of popularity and ambitiousness. Having originated in a need to protect future practitioners from being duped by their suppliers, field classes ended up by generating the publication of floras, a market for botanical collecting equipment and, above all, a simpler model for local associations of naturalists which liberated them from an inherited organisational straitjacket.

scholarly journals Child psychiatry in a new medical school in Hong Kong

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Education ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

There are two medical schools in Hong Kong, that of the University of Hong Kong and that of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The former has a history of more than 100 years whereas the latter admitted its first batch of students only in 1981. Both use English as the teaching medium and both are recognised by the GMC. I received my undergraduate medical education in the former but have been teaching in the latter for seven years.

scholarly journals Educação Nutricional: uma Lacuna na Formação Médica

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Bitar Vasconcelos Villacorta ◽  
Charles Alberto Villacorta de Barros ◽  
Bernardo Felipe Santana de Macedo ◽  
Milena Coelho Fernandes Caldato
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sequential Screening ◽  
History Of ◽  
Training Physicians

Abstract: Introduction: The role of nutrition in medicine has changed from a passive function, from an adjuvant therapy, to a proactive and sophisticated therapy that prevents various health problems and changes the natural history of the disease. Recent studies show up that medical education does not sufficiently and efficiently address the patient’s nutritional aspects, thus training physicians who are not confident in providing nutritional care to their patients. This study aimed to analyze and describe scientific studies that have evaluated nutrition education in medical schools, seeking within this context to find nutrition topics important for undergraduate medical education. Methods: This research was conducted through a cross-sectional, descriptive, scoping review after searching for synonyms using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors) tools. Results: We initially found 1.057 publications that underwent sequential screening until reaching a total of 16 articles, which achieved the scope of this research. Most articles are from the United States of America (50%), assessed a total of 860 medical students and 243 medical schools using different approaches regarding the teaching of nutrition. Final considerations: In this review, we have shown that despite several studies ratifying the well-established association between nutrition and prevention/treatment of diseases that require outpatient care, or at the hospital level, nutrition education in undergraduate medical school has not accompanied this evidence and, for many years, the subject has been underestimated. In Brazil, no studies were found on this topic with the used descriptors.

scholarly journals Medical education in Sudan: A recommendation to adopt competency-based medical education curricula for improving practices (SudaniMEDs)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hassan Taha
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Competency Based Medical Education ◽  
Medical Assistants ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The University

Sudan is a leading country in health professions education (HPE), a sector which started 100 years ago. The history of HPE in Sudan dates back to 1918 with the training of medical assistants, with a school for modern midwifery opening in 1921 (1). The first college of medicine in Sudan—Kitchener School of Medicine (KSM) —was established in 1924, and is currently part of the University of Khartoum (2). About half a century later, two more medical schools—Juba University School in 1977 and Gezira University School in 1978—were established. In the 1990s, there was an enormous expansion in higher education, particularly in colleges of medicine, with more than thirty being inaugurated (3). Currently, Sudan has more than sixty colleges of medicine.

O Estudo da Morte e dos Cuidados Paliativos: Ausências no Currículo de Medicina./ The Study of Death and Palliative Care: Curriculum in the Absence of Medicine.

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Mota Cruz de Assis Figueiredo ◽  
Rita de Cassia M. T. Stano
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Family ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of ◽  
Education In Brazil ◽  
De Medicina

O presente artigo acompanha a história da formação médica no Brasil e levanta algumas das origens do cenário atual da prática da medicina no país, considerada como bastante resolutiva na busca da cura do corpo, mas despreparada para a abordagem do sofrimento global que acompanha o processo de adoecimento e da morte. As autoras enfatizam a necessidade de reavaliação crítica dos currículos das escolas de formação médica, buscando-se aliar à excelência técnica da prática profissional, valores como o cuidado integral ao doente por detrás da doença, e a atenção às necessidades deste e da família quando se avizinha a morte. Com base na sua experiência no ensino da Disciplina de Tanatologia e Cuidados Paliativos em duas Faculdades de Medicina, o artigo aponta como um dos caminhos para a construção de uma nova base curricular, mais responsivo à necessidade de profissionais e doentes, o ensino desta Disciplina nas diversas escolas médicas do país.  Palavras-chave: Tanatologia, Cuidados Paliativos, Currículo.       ABSTRACT This article outlines the history of medical education in Brazil and raises some of the origins of the current scenario of medical practice in the country, considered as quite resolute in the pursuit of healing the body, but unprepared for addressing global suffering that accompanies the process of illness and death. The author emphasizes the need for critical reappraisal of curricula of medical education, seeking to combine technical excellence in professional practice, values ​​as comprehensive care for the patient behind the disease, and attention to the needs of the family and when approaching death. Based on his experience in teaching discipline Thanatology and Palliative Care in two medical schools, the article points out how one of the ways to build a new base curriculum more responsive to the needs of professionals and patients, the teaching of this discipline in several medical schools in the country.  Keywords: Thanatology, Palliative Care, Curriculum.   

Part II: Reformers in Medical Education and Practice

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A Entin
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Care Society ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Article

Background Part I was published in Can J Plast Surg 2000;8(1):25–29. It established that standards of professional practice shift constantly. When a standard falls short of professional expectation or when a physician becomes more concerned with financial gain rather than patient care, society needs the action of a reformer. Part II continues the study and begins with the contribution of reformer John Hunter (1728–1793), and follows with the contributions of seven other reformers, concluding with Wilder Penfield (1891–1976). Study Design The reformers were physicians and scientists who were selected throughout the history of medicine: they conformed to our definition of reformers, namely, a person whose action changed the structure or ideology of medical practice. Results The present historical article shows that reforms are produced by people possessing critical judgement and analytical quality who influenced the direction of medical practice. Conclusion Reforms have been achieved through intuitive leaps, alterations of conventional practice, painstaking research or administrative restructuring.

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