Application Of Materials Science To Celestial Matter, II: Gravitational Lensing, Event Horizon And Big Bang

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Crolet ◽  
Bijan Kermani ◽  
Jean-Louis Benoit-Guyod
Keyword(s):  
Event Horizon ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Big Bang

scholarly journals Nanophase Materials Assembled from Atomic Clusters

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Atomic Clusters ◽  
Cluster Assembly ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Ultrafine Grained ◽  
Nanophase Materials

The synthesis of nanometer-sized atomic clusters of metals and ceramics by means of the gas-condensation method, followed by their in situ consolidation under high-vacuum conditions, has resulted in a new class of ultrafine-grained interface materials. These nanophase materials, with average grain sizes presently ranging from about 5 to 25 nm, exhibit properties that are often rather different and improved relative to those of conventional materials. In addition, their processing characteristics appear in some cases to be greatly improved over their conventional coarser grained counterparts. The synthesis of nanophase materials by means of cluster assembly under controlled conditions should enable the design of materials, heretofore unavailable, with improved or unique properties. As such, it is likely that the combination of new capabilities to synthesize, characterize, anc) engineer the properties of materials based on the assembly of atomic clusters will significantly impact materials science and engineering in the coming years.The assembly of matter by the consolidation of gas-condensed atomic clusters is probably as old as the universe itself, since this is thought to be the way condensed matter formed during the cooling period that followed the “big bang,” as evidenced by the structure of the earliest meteorites. The modern synthesis of ultrafine-grained materials by the in situ consolidation of nanometer-sized gas-condensed ultrafine particles or atomic clusters, however, was first suggested by Gleiter.

scholarly journals The Role of Elementary Dimensions in the Creation of the Source of Elementary Particles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivan Sirdy
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Confined System

It is agreed that before the creation of particles, space was absolutely devoid of matter and radiation. In this study, we assume that the absolute void comprises four dimensions; three spatial dimensions and a force equivalent representing the factor of change among the elementary dimensions. Our hypothesis is based on the expansion of the spatial dimensions, and the subsequent space instability. We demonstrated that when the outward force equivalent strength exceeds a critical limit, it collapses inward to restore equilibrium in the system. Then, the void inside the collapsed force equivalent acts as a void in a confined system, the energy of the system remains conserved at all stages. With the decrease of the spatial dimensions due to the collapse the energy density increases, at the final stage the energy in the confined system is concentrated forming a solid state of energy. In which, this solid state of energy is a particle become the source of the elementary particles. The created high-energy sources are controlled by the internal and external forces of the source and all entities in its external force field until equilibrium is reached. The article gives the summary of Big bang theory and its problems which are further discussed in inflation. This article will help in understanding that how elementary dimensions play a role in the formation of elementary particles. The quark gluon plasma, inflation, gravitational collapse, and gravitational lensing provide evidence supporting the elementary dimensions theory presented in this paper.

scholarly journals M87 Supermassive Black Hole Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekhala Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Event Horizon ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Elliptical Galaxy ◽  
Virgo Cluster ◽  
Supermassive Black Hole ◽  
Cluster Of Galaxies ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Relativistic Particles

M87 is a giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. The radio source has a core which coincides with the nucleus of the galaxy and a jet of emission which is detected from radio to X-ray bands. A supermassive black hole is assumed to be at the centre of M87 which sends out relativistic particles in the form jets along its axis of rotation. Relativistic particles accelerated in a magnetic field, give out synchrotron radiation. The centre is surrounded by an accretion disc, which is the closest that we can probe into a black hole. High resolution observations are needed to examine the nature of the radio emission closest to the centre of M87. An array of millimetre-band telescopes across the globe were used as an interferometer, called the Event Horizon Telescope, (EHT) to probe the nuclear region. The angular resolution of this interferometer array is 25 microarc sec, at a wavelength of 1.3mm and the data was carefully calibrated and imaged. The resulting image shows an asymmetric ring which is consistent with the predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from hot plasma near the event horizon. In this paper, we review the results of the observations of the radio galaxy, M87, using the Event Horizon Telescope

scholarly journals Constraints on the Dark Matter

1987 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 410-410
Author(s):  
B. J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
White Dwarfs ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Galactic Halos ◽  
M Dwarfs ◽  
Population Iii Stars ◽  
Population Iii

There is evidence for four types of dark matter: (1) the local d.m. in the galactic disc; (2) the d.m. associated with galactic halos; (3) the d.m. in clusters; and (4) a background closure density of d.m. required if the Universe undergoes an inflationary phase. There are three types of explanation: (1) remnants of a first generation of Population III stars, including black holes (SMOs, VMOs or MOs), neutron stars, white dwarfs, or LMOs (M-dwarfs and Jupiters); (2) elementary particle relicts of the Big Bang (inos), usefully classified - according to their mass - as hot, warm, or cold, since this determines the scale on which they can cluster; and (3) primordial black holes, formed from density perturbations or phase transitions in the early Universe. Various constraints on the d.m. candidates are indicated by the shaded regions in the Figure below. The conventional model of cosmological nucleosynthesis precludes Population III remnants providing the closure and perhaps cluster d.m., while stellar nucleosynthesis constraints preclude neutron stars from explaining anything and allow white dwarfs to provide only the local d.m. Source counts exclude M-dwarfs from providing the local or halo d.m., while gravitational lensing effects exclude SMOs larger than 108M⊙ from explaining anything and LMOs or VMOs from having the closure density. Dynamical considerations imply M<2M⊙ for the local d.m., M<106M⊙ for the halo d.m., and M<109M⊙ for the cluster d.m.; they also imply that the local d.m. cannot be inos and that the halo d.m. cannot be a hot ino. The table suggests the following conclusions: (1) no single candidate can explain all four d.m. problems; (2) the best candidate for the closure d.m. is an ino; (3) the best candidates for the local d.m. are white dwarfs or Jupiters; (4) the halo (and possibly cluster) d.m. could plausibly be black holes or Jupiters.

New Science and Technology the Basis of the Hydrogen Economy

2003 ◽  
Vol 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanford R. Ovshinsky
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Carnot Cycle ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
New Science

ABSTRACTHydrogen is called the “ultimate fuel.” It is also the ultimate element. It was born in the Big Bang and almost all of known matter is composed of it. Its condensation into a star, our sun, through fusion, provides us the energy and the photons which power our earth and which we can utilize in the form of photovoltaics to break apart water and generate hydrogen as an energy source on earth.The hydrogen economy is here. It has been initiated by the electric and hybrid vehicles which depend upon it for their operation through nickel metal hydride batteries and hydrogen as a fuel for the internal combustion engine and by outwitting the Carnot cycle for use as a fuel cell.I will discuss the complete system needed for the hydrogen economy from generation to storage to infrastructure and use. Any one part of this loop is necessary but not sufficient.Our global economy is based upon energy and the societal needs for a nonpolluting, non-climate change fuel which does not require strategic military defense as does oil. The transition from fossil fuels to hydrogen is of revolutionary import not only for its societal impact but also for the new materials science that it absolutely requires in all of its aspects. New science and new technologies build much needed new industries, which provide not only jobs but also feedback on our educational system.Recall that the ages of civilization are known by their materials. Truly, the presentage will be known by the materials that make up the twin pillars of our global economy – energy and information. Therefore, I will address the new science, technology and atomic engineering of the materials so necessary to make positive, realistic and productive this revolutionary transition of energy from its fossil fuel beginnings to the present.

scholarly journals Status of CMB Observations in 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 1660188
Author(s):  
Martin Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Precise Characterization ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
History Of

The 2.725 K cosmic microwave background has played a key role in the development of modern cosmology by providing a solid observational foundation for constraining possible theories of what happened at very large redshifts and theoretical speculation reaching back almost to the would-be big bang initial singularity. After recounting some of the lesser known history of this area, I summarize the current observational situation and also discuss some exciting challenges that lie ahead: the search for B modes, the precision mapping of the CMB gravitational lensing potential, and the ultra-precise characterization of the CMB frequency spectrum, which would allow the exploitation of spectral distortions to probe new physics.

Expansion Everlasting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Vigdor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Acoustic Oscillations ◽  
Cosmic Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Hubble’S Law ◽  
The Universe

Chapter 5 presents experiments illuminating the cosmological evolution of the universe and its energy budget, accounting for its longevity. The observations establishing the Hubble’s Law linear relationship between intergalactic distances and recession speeds, and their interpretation in terms of the expansion of cosmic space, are reviewed. The evidence for big bang cosmology from nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is presented. The measurements that establish the ongoing acceleration of the cosmic expansion are reviewed: distant supernova recession speeds, tiny CMB anisotropies, baryon acoustic oscillations, and gravitational lensing. Excellent model fits to these data, assuming general relativity, cold dark matter, and a cosmological constant, lead to precise determinations of both the age of the universe and the energy budget of the universe. The cosmic history of the expansion rate and the energy budget are inferred, along with the remarkable flatness of cosmic space within the observable portion of the universe.

scholarly journals Constraints on primordial black holes

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 116902
Author(s):  
Bernard Carr ◽  
Kazunori Kohri ◽  
Yuuiti Sendouda ◽  
Jun’ichi Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Primordial Black Holes ◽  
Small Contribution

Abstract We update the constraints on the fraction of the Universe that may have gone into primordial black holes (PBHs) over the mass range 10−5 to 1050 g. Those smaller than ∼1015 g would have evaporated by now due to Hawking radiation, so their abundance at formation is constrained by the effects of evaporated particles on big bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the Galactic and extragalactic γ-ray and cosmic ray backgrounds and the possible generation of stable Planck mass relics. PBHs larger than ∼1015 g are subject to a variety of constraints associated with gravitational lensing, dynamical effects, influence on large-scale structure, accretion and gravitational waves. We discuss the constraints on both the initial collapse fraction and the current fraction of the dark matter (DM) in PBHs at each mass scale but stress that many of the constraints are associated with observational or theoretical uncertainties. We also consider indirect constraints associated with the amplitude of the primordial density fluctuations, such as second-order tensor perturbations and μ-distortions arising from the effect of acoustic reheating on the CMB, if PBHs are created from the high-σ peaks of nearly Gaussian fluctuations. Finally we discuss how the constraints are modified if the PBHs have an extended mass function, this being relevant if PBHs provide some combination of the DM, the LIGO/Virgo coalescences and the seeds for cosmic structure. Even if PBHs make a small contribution to the DM, they could play an important cosmological role and provide a unique probe of the early Universe.

scholarly journals The Role of Elementary Dimensions in the Creation of the Source of Elementary Particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Shivan Sirdy
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Confined System

It is agreed that before the creation of particles, space was completely devoid of matter and radiation. In this study, we assume that the absolute void comprises 4 dimensions, namely 3 spatial dimensions and a force equivalent representing the factor of change among the elementary dimensions. Our hypothesis is based on the expansion of the spatial dimensions and the subsequent space instability. We demonstrated that when the equivalent outward force strength exceeds a critical limit, it collapses inwardly to restore the equilibrium of the system. Subsequently, the void inside the collapsed force equivalent acts as a void in a confined system, and the energy of the system remains conserved at all stages. With the decrease in the spatial dimensions owing to the collapse, the energy density increases, and at the final stage, the energy in the confined system becomes concentrated, thereby forming a solid state of energy. In this solid state of energy, a particle becomes the source of the elementary particles. The created high-energy sources are controlled by the internal and external forces of the source and all the entities in its external force field until equilibrium is reached. This article gives a summary of the Big Bang theory and its problems, which are further discussed in detail. This article will help in understanding how elementary dimensions play a role in the formation of elementary particles. Quark-gluon plasma, inflation, gravitational collapse, and gravitational lensing provide evidence that supports the elementary dimensions theory presented in this paper.

Trends in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
C. Colliex ◽  
P. Trebbia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Primary Electrons

The physical foundations for the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy towards analytical purposes, seem now rather well established and have been extensively discussed through recent publications. In this brief review we intend only to mention most recent developments in this field, which became available to our knowledge. We derive also some lines of discussion to define more clearly the limits of this analytical technique in materials science problems.The spectral information carried in both low ( 0<ΔE<100eV ) and high ( >100eV ) energy regions of the loss spectrum, is capable to provide quantitative results. Spectrometers have therefore been designed to work with all kinds of electron microscopes and to cover large energy ranges for the detection of inelastically scattered electrons (for instance the L-edge of molybdenum at 2500eV has been measured by van Zuylen with primary electrons of 80 kV). It is rather easy to fix a post-specimen magnetic optics on a STEM, but Crewe has recently underlined that great care should be devoted to optimize the collecting power and the energy resolution of the whole system.

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