Quantum theory of redshift in de Sitter expanding universe

The quantum theory of the Maxwell free field in Coulomb gauge on the de Sitter expanding universe is completed with the technical elements needed for building a coherent quantum theory of redshift. Paying special attention to the conserved observables and defining the projection operator selecting the detected momenta it is shown that the expectation values of the energies of the emitted and detected photons comply with the Lemaître rule of Hubble’s law. Moreover, the quantum corrections to the dispersions of the principal observables and new uncertainty relations are derived.

Time-varying Doppler Effect formula and its application in Cosmology

The Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves results in either a redshift or blueshift of light and is of great use in astronomy. It has been used to measure the speed of stars and galaxies approaching or receding from the earth. Currently, all Doppler effect formulas only work for constant velocities. Hence, the application of the Doppler effect includes the implicit assumption of a constant velocity of the motion during the period from the light emission to measurement. Since the light from remote stars detected from Earth may be from millions of years ago, it is difficult to assume that these stars kept moving at constant velocity for the long period, which may become a potential concern. A time-varying Doppler effect formula is mathematically derived from the principle of constant light speed, which is consistent with the classical and the redshift formulas. This formula is also supported by existing experiments and theoretically proved by Maxwell’s wave equations. The potential application of this time-varying Doppler effect formula in cosmology is discussed with the examples of cosmological redshift and Hubble’s law. The paper shows that the cosmological redshift can be interpreted as a special case of the time-varying Doppler effect. Further discussion between the observed Hubble’s redshift relationship and Hubble’s law may be needed.

Free electron Compton scattering produces the illusion of the universe expansion

Because it is consistent with many astronomical phenomena and successfully predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) and cosmic abundance, the theory of universe expansion has been widely recognized by the scientific community. Hubble's law is the foundation of universe expansion theory, but 100 years of observations have shown that Hubble parameters are not constants, and with the improvement of Hubble parameter measurement accuracy, the problem of inconsistent Hubble parameters obtained by different star types and different methods has become more and more difficult to solve. So the cosmological redshift may not only be related to distance but also to other factors, and the universe may not be really expanding. The Compton effect of free electrons and low energy photons has been observed in the laboratory. Photons interact with a large number of free electrons on their way to us from a distant source (free electron Compton scattering FEC). FEC causes photons (plane electromagnetic waves) to redshift, and the photon beam to expand along the propagation direction, these produce the illusion of cosmic expansion, showing the same astronomical phenomena as the expansion of the universe (FEC model).

Universal expansion with spatially varying G

ABSTRACT We calculate the expansion of the Universe under the assumptions that G varies in space and the radial size r of the Universe is very large (we call this the MOND regime of varying-G gravity). The inferred asymptotic behaviour turns out to be different from that found by McCrea & Milne in 1934 and our equations bear no resemblance to those of the relativistic case. In this cosmology, the scale factor R(t) increases linearly with time t, the radial velocity is driven by inertia, and gravity is incapable of hindering the expansion. Yet, Hubble’s law is borne out without any additional assumptions. When we include a repulsive acceleration ade due to dark energy, the resulting universal expansion is then driven totally by this new term and the solutions for ade → 0 do not reduce to those of the ade ≡ 0 case. This is a realization of a new Thom catastrophe: The inclusion of the new term alters the conservation of energy and the dark energy solutions are not reducible to those in the case without dark energy.

Reasons in favor of a Hubble-Lemaître-Slipher's (HLS) Law

Based on historical facts, revisited from a present-day perspective, and on the documented opinions of the scientists involved in the discovery themselves, strong arguments are given in favor of a proposal to include prominent astronomer Vesto Slipher to the suggested addition of Georges Lemaître's name to Hubble's law on the expansion of the Universe, and thus eventually call it Hubble-Lemaître-Slipher's (HLS) law.

Reasons in Favor of a Hubble-Lemaître-Slipher’s (HLS) Law

Based on historical facts, revisited from a present-day perspective, and on the documented opinions of the scientists involved in the discovery themselves, strong arguments are given in favor of a proposal to add prominent astronomer Vesto Slipher to the suggested addition of Georges Lemaître’s name to Hubble’s law on the expansion of the universe and thus eventually call it the Hubble–Lemaître–Slipher (HLS) law.

Reasons in favor of a Hubble-Lemaître-Slipher's (HLS) Law

Based on historical facts, revisited from a present-day perspective, and on the documented opinions of the scientists involved in the discovery themselves, strong arguments are given in favor of a proposal to include prominent astronomer Vesto Slipher to the suggested addition of Georges Lemaître's name to Hubble's law on the expansion of the Universe, and thus eventually call it Hubble-Lemaître-Slipher's (HLS) law.

Friedmann–Lemaître spacetimes

This chapter discusses the laws governing the evolution of the scale factor as well as Hubble’s law, which is historically the first observational signature of cosmic expansion. Hubble’s law relates two measurable quantities, the redshift and the luminosity distance of a galaxy. The chapter also introduces the Weyl postulate (1923), which stipulates that the ‘cosmological fluid’ consisting of galaxies, quasars, and so on, visible or invisible, follows such geodesics. It then presents the Friedmann–Lemaître equations. Finally, the chapter discusses the first models of the universe, from 1917–60: the static Einstein model and the de Sitter and steady state models.