Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wisconsin River ◽  
Ash Weight ◽  
The Common ◽  
Native Host ◽  
Management And Conservation

<em>Abstract</em>.—Silver lamprey <em>Ichthyomyzon unicuspis</em> has been most strongly associated with native host species that are relatively large and have naked skin or relatively small scales, including paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula</em>, lake sturgeon <em>Acipenser fulvescens</em>, lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>, ictalurid catfishes, and esocids. In many regions, however, and especially in the southern part of the silver lamprey’s geographic range, these host species have declined in abundance through a combination of human impacts, and the most abundant large fish species is now the common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, an exotic species with large scales. Silver lampreys removed from paddlefish in the Wisconsin River and allowed to feed on carp in the laboratory displayed very little growth relative to lampreys in the river. Although paddlefish lack scales, skin densities of carp and paddlefish, measured as dry mass per unit area, were similar. However, dried samples of paddlefish skin displayed a substantial lipid residue, and skin density of paddlefish expressed as ash weight was less than that of carp. It is likely that increased handling time contributes to reduced growth by silver lampreys on carp. The importance of paddlefish skin lipids to silver lamprey feeding ecology should be investigated.

scholarly journals Bed bugs: The move to humans as hosts

FACETS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Talbot ◽  
Nusha Keyghobadi ◽  
Brock Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
The Common

Cimicid insects, bed bugs and their allies, include about 100 species of blood-feeding ectoparasites. Among them, a few have become widespread and abundant pests of humans. Cimicids vary in their degree of specialization to hosts. Whereas most species specialize on insectivorous birds or bats, the common bed bug can feed on a range of distantly related host species, such as bats, humans, and chickens. We suggest that association with humans and generalism in bed bugs led to fundamentally different living conditions that fostered rapid growth and expansion of their populations. We propose that the evolutionary and ecological success of common bed bugs reflected exploitation of large homeothermic hosts (humans) that sheltered in buildings. This was a departure from congeners whose hosts are much smaller and often heterothermic. We argue that interesting insights into the biology of pest species may be obtained using an integrated view of their ecology and evolution.

Food Webs as Complex Adaptive Systems

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Ecosystem Size ◽  
Complex Adaptive

This chapter examines some of the potential empirical signatures of instability in complex adaptive food webs. It first considers the role of adaptive behavior on food web topology, ecosystem size, and interaction strength before discussing the implications of this behavior for ecosystem dynamics and stability. It then analyzes the results of empirical investigations of Canadian Shield lake trout food webs and how human influences and ecosystems coupled in space may drive biomass pyramids, potentially leading to species loss. It also explores the tendency of subsidies, through human impacts, to homogenize natural ecosytems and concludes by assessing some of the changing conditions that are being driven by humans and how these may change ecosystems.

The ectoparasites of some marine birds from Bamfield Marine Station, British Columbia, with particular reference to the common murre, Uria aalge (Pont.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1980-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Ballard ◽  
Richard A. Ring
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Marine Birds ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
The Common

Six species of birds from the region of the Bamfield Marine Station, British Columbia, were examined for ectoparasites. A total of seven species of Mallophaga belonging lo five genera (Saemundssonia, Austromenopon, Cummingsielli, Anatoecus, and Anaticola) were recovered. One flea (Mioctenopsylla traubi, Siphonaptera), leather mites of the genus Zachvatkinia, other mites of the genera Ameronothrus. Cymbaeremaeus, and Rhinonyssus, and ticks of the genus Ixodes were also identified. Each host species and its ectoparasites are discussed separately. Differences in the ectoparasite burdens of juveniles and adults of both sexes of the common murre, Uria aalge (Pont.), are compared and contrasted.

scholarly journals China’s Coastal Wetlands: Understanding Environmental Changes and Human Impacts for Management and Conservation

Wetlands ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoshan Cui ◽  
Qiang He ◽  
Binhe Gu ◽  
Junhong Bai ◽  
Xinhui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Management And Conservation

The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of the tick: Part 2. Observations on hill and moorland grazings in northern England

Parasitology ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Host List

Although three other Ixodes species were found, Ixodes ricinus L., when it occurs, is by far the most important tick parasite of wild and domestic animals on hill and moorland grazings in northern England. In the following, ‘tick’ or ‘ticks’ refer to I. ricinus.The previous list of British mammal hosts, wild and domestic, to the tick (any stage) is largely confirmed, and increased approximately from twenty-three to twenty-nine species; and birds, similarly, from twenty-one to thirty-nine species. The preponderance of small mammals and birds among the twenty-four new-recorded host species confirms the impression that previous workers tended to confine their attentions to the larger animals. The host list is still incomplete, and the suggestion that the tick will parasitize any bird or mammal it may meet is strongly reinforced.No host occurs below the reptile level among vertebrates; and among British reptiles, only the common lizard is a host—rarely. There appear to be no hosts among invertebrates.All the farm and domestic mammals from horse down to cat are hosts to female ticks, but poultry have never been recorded—probably because they do not much frequent the tick-infested pastures.Only the larger wild mammals and birds are hosts to female ticks. In northern England these include eight mammals and three birds. For Britain as a whole two other mammals are known, while a further four mammals and one bird are likely hosts.With or without the inclusion of domestic animals, proportionately more mammal than bird species are hosts to female ticks. This is because there are more mammal than bird species large enough to be hosts.All the recorded British hosts, except shrew and possibly mole, are hosts in some degree to nymphs, and all, without exception, are hosts to larvae.A certain amount of self-deticking is practised by birds, and very probably by some of the smaller mammals. Birds never have ticks attached within beak-reach.

scholarly journals Charcoal rot severity and yield components of common bean cultivars inoculated with Macrophomina phaseolina

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Eduardo José Zanella ◽  
Juliano Berghetti ◽  
Bruno Tabarelli Scheidt ◽  
Ricardo Trezzi Casa ◽  
Amauri Bogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Harvest Maturity

ABSTRACT Macrophomina phaseolina is a soilborne pathogen with a wide range of hosts and its control through agricultural practices is difficult. The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of root rot (SRR) caused by M. phaseolina in common bean cultivars and its impact on yield components. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions with the common bean cultivars ‘ANFC-9 Agro Norte’, ‘BRS Esteio’, ‘BRS Estilo’, ‘BRS Pérola’, ‘FTS Soberano’, ‘IPR Campos Gerais’, ‘IPR Tangará’, ‘IPR Tuiuiú’, ‘IPR Uirapurú’ and ‘TAA Dama’. Three isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from infected plants of common bean, soybeans and maize were inoculated in the common bean cultivars. In the phenological stage R9 of grain harvest maturity, the SRR and the yield components of root dry mass (RDM), number of pods per plant (NPP), number of grains per plant (NGP) and grain mass per plant (GMP) were assessed. All common bean cultivars were susceptible to M. phaseolina, showing a reduction in NPP, NGP and GMP. SPR was greater than 75%, regardless of the origin of isolates. Considering the average of cultivars, there was a significant decrease of 54.3% in RDM, compared to control treatments. The cultivars ‘IPR Tangará’, ‘ANFC-9 Agro Norte’, ‘BRS Esteio’, ‘BRS Pérola’ and ‘FTS Soberano’ had a decrease in at least one yield component, while a reduction occurred in all components for cultivar ‘IPR Tangará’. There was an average decrease in NPP, NGP and GMP of 7.9%, 7.6% and 7.2%; 13.4%, 12.8% and 6.7%; and 14.2%, 12.9% and 10.1%, considering the isolates obtained from beans, soybeans and maize, respectively.

scholarly journals Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) energy plantations in Hungary

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rédei
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Yield Trial ◽  
The Common ◽  
Energy Plantations ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L

Establishment  of plantations primarily for fuel production has been of international  interest for    many years. Energy fuel production experiments in Hungary have been  conducted for a longer    time. In the country the black locust (Robinia  pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most  important    stand - forming tree species, covering approximately 20% of the forested  lands and providing    about 18% of the annual timber output of the country. In Helvecia (central  Hungary, sand-soil    region) an energy plantation was established using common black locust and  its cultivars. The    spacing variations of the common black locust were the followings: 1.5x0.3  m, 1.5x0.5 m and    1.5x1.0 m. At the age of 5 the closest spacing (1 .5xO.3 m) produced the  greatest annual increment in oven-dry mass (6.5 t/ha/yr). This exceeds the increments of the two wider spacings    by 33% and 51 %, respectively. Concerning to the results of the yield trial  with black locust cultivars planted in spacing of 1.5x1.0 m, at the age of 5 the highest yield was produced by the    cultivar 'ÜllDi' (8.0 t/ha/yr), followed by 'Jaszkiseri' (7.3 t/ha/yr) and  the common black locust (6.7    t/ha/yr).

scholarly journals Spatial variation in egg polymorphism among cuckoo hosts across 4 continents

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canchao Yang ◽  
Xingfeng Si ◽  
Wei Liang ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Color Polymorphism ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Families

Abstract Although egg color polymorphism has evolved as an effective defensive adaptation to brood parasitism, spatial variations in egg color polymorphism remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated egg polymorphism in 647 host species (68 families and 231 genera) parasitized by 41 species of Old Word cuckoos (1 family and 11 genera) across Asia, Europe, Africa, and Australia. The diversity of parasitic cuckoos differs among continents, reflecting the continent-specific intensities of parasitic selection pressure on hosts. Therefore, host egg polymorphism is expected to evolve more frequently on continents with higher cuckoo diversity. We identified egg polymorphism in 24.1% of all host species and 47.6% of all host families. The common cuckoo Cuculus canorus utilized 184 hosts (28.4% of all host species). Hosts of the common cuckoo and of Chrysococcyx species were more likely to have polymorphic eggs than hosts parasitized by other cuckoos. Both the number of host species and the host families targeted by the cuckoo species were positively correlated with the frequency of host egg polymorphism. Most host species and most hosts exhibiting egg color polymorphism were located in Asia and Africa. Host egg polymorphism was observed less frequently in Australia and Europe. Our results also suggested that egg polymorphism tends to occur more frequently in hosts that are utilized by several cuckoo species or by generalist cuckoo species. We suggest that selection pressure on hosts from a given continent increases proportionally to the number of cuckoo species, and that this selection pressure may, in turn, favor the evolution of host egg polymorphism.

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