Impacts of a native parasitic plant on an introduced and a native host species: implications for the control of an invasive weed

This work aims to study the effect of different host species on physicochemical and biological properties of the Saharan parasitic plant Cistanche violacea that grows parasitized on two hosts Haloxylon articulatum and a Limonistrum guyonianum in the eastern desert of Algeria. The physicochemical characteristics of C. violcea showed an affinity for the results of both ash and pH and it showed a difference in the amount content of carbohydrates and the value of electrical conductivity. For the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins the highest values were recorded in C. violcea, which was parasitized on H. articulatum. While, the results of HPLC have identified nine compounds in the crude extracts of the parasitic plants and their hosts in different concentrations. In antioxidant activity, the tannin and anthocyanin extracts from C. violcea parasitized on H. articulatum showed better inhibition of DPPH• radical and best the total antioxidant capacity respectively, but the tannins extract of C. violcea parasitized on L. guyonianum given best reducing power capacity. In SPF assay by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method, all extracts of the parasitic plants showed mild to moderate sun protection. Statically the host variation did not show any significant differences in the physicochemical analysis and the quantitative and qualitative total content of polyphenols. While the significant differences appeared through the antioxidant activity tests, especially between C. violcea and its host H. articulatum, between C. violacea and its host H. articulatum and between the two samples of parasitic plants.

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Differential Resistance among Host and Non-host Species Underlies the Variable Success of the Hemi-parasitic Plant Rhinanthus minor

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcl218 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 1289-1299 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

D. D. CAMERON ◽

A. M. COATS ◽

W. E. SEEL

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Differential Resistance ◽

Parasitic Plant ◽

Variable Success ◽

Rhinanthus Minor

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The dilution effect in a freshwater mutualism: impacts of introduced host species on native symbionts

10.22541/au.163277469.97557253/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Creed ◽

Gretchen L. Bailey ◽

James Skelton ◽

Bryan L. Brown

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Host Density ◽

Dilution Effect ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Parasite Abundance ◽

Host Diversity ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Dilution Effects ◽

Native Crayfish ◽

Native Host

The dilution effect was originally proposed to describe the negative effect of increased host diversity on parasite abundance; with greater host diversity, parasite levels per host are predicted to be lower due to a higher probability of dispersing parasites encountering non-competent hosts. Dilution effects could also occur in many mutualisms if dispersing symbionts encounter hosts that vary in their competency. The introduction of non-native hosts can change community competency of a local group of host species. Crayfish introductions are occurring world-wide and these introductions are likely disrupting native crayfish-symbiont systems. Branchiobdellidan symbionts declined on native Cambarus crayfish occurring in the presence and absence of non-native Faxonius crayfish in the New River, USA. We performed an experiment investigating the effect of host density (1 vs 2 native hosts) and host diversity (1 native host and 1 introduced host) on branchiobdellidan abundance. The introduced F. cristavarius is a non-competent host for these worms. Six C. ingens were stocked on a C. chasmodactylus in each treatment and worm numbers were followed over 34 days. Worm numbers decreased over time on C. chasmodactylus alone and in the treatment in which a C. chasmodactylus was paired with an F. cristavarius. Worm numbers remained highest in the 2 C. chasmodactylus treatment . There was no significant effect of host diversity on worm reproduction. Crayfish invasions may have negative effects on mutualistic symbionts depending on the competence of introduced hosts. Loss of native symbionts is one of the potential hidden, negative effects of invasions on native freshwater diversity.

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Interactions of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae and Adults With Four Native Host Plants Relative to Field Use Patterns

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvaa160 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lachlan C Jones ◽

Michelle A Rafter ◽

Gimme H Walter

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Host Plants ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Larval Survival ◽

Relative Distribution ◽

Long Distance ◽

Primary Host ◽

Relative Attractiveness ◽

Native Host ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Generalist insect herbivores may be recorded from a great variety of host plants. Under natural conditions, however, they are almost invariably associated with a few primary host species on which most of the juveniles develop. We experimentally investigated the interaction of the generalist moth Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with four of its native host plants, two designated primary hosts and two secondary hosts (based on field observations). We tested whether primary host plants support higher survival rates of larvae and whether they are more attractive to ovipositing moths and feeding larvae. We also evaluated whether relative attractiveness of host plants for oviposition matches larval survival rates on them—the preference-performance hypothesis. Moths laid significantly more eggs on two of the four host plant species, one of them a primary host, the other a secondary host. Larvae developed best when reared on the attractive secondary host, developed at intermediate levels on the two primary hosts, and performed worst on the less attractive secondary host. Relative attractiveness of the four host plants to caterpillars differed from that of the moths. Neither adult nor larval attraction to host plants fully supported the preference-performance hypothesis, but oviposition was better correlated with larval survival rates than was larval attraction. Our results suggest the relative frequency at which particular host species are used in the field may depend on factors not yet considered including the long-distance attractants used by moths and the relative distribution of host species.

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Genetic variation changes the interactions between the parasitic plant-ecosystem engineer Rhinanthus and its hosts

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2010.0320 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 366 (1569) ◽

pp. 1380-1388 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Jennifer K. Rowntree ◽

Duncan D. Cameron ◽

Richard F. Preziosi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Host Species ◽

Species Interactions ◽

Parasite Species ◽

Ecosystem Engineer ◽

Level Structure ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Parasitic Plant ◽

Host Genotype ◽

Essential Components

Within-species genetic variation is a potent factor influencing between-species interactions and community-level structure. Species of the hemi-parasitic plant genus Rhinanthus act as ecosystem engineers, significantly altering above- and below-ground community structure in grasslands. Here, we show the importance of genotypic variation within a single host species (barley— Hordeum vulgare ), and population-level variation among two species of parasite ( Rhinanthus minor and Rhinanthus angustifolius ) on the outcome of parasite infection for both partners. We measured host fitness (number of seeds) and calculated parasite virulence as the difference in seed set between infected and uninfected hosts (the inverse of host tolerance). Virulence was determined by genetic variation within the host species and among the parasite species, but R. angustifolius was consistently more virulent than R. minor . The most tolerant host had the lowest inherent fitness and did not gain a fitness advantage over other infected hosts. We measured parasite size as a proxy for transmission ability (ability to infect further hosts) and host resistance. Parasite size depended on the specific combination of host genotype, parasite species and parasite population, and no species was consistently larger. We demonstrate that the outcome of infection by Rhinanthus depends not only on the host species, but also on the underlying genetics of both host and parasite. Thus, genetic variations within host and parasite are probably essential components of the ecosystem-altering effects of Rhinanthus .

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Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America ◽

10.47886/9781934874134.ch9 ◽

2009 ◽

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Lake Trout ◽

Human Impacts ◽

Handling Time ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Wisconsin River ◽

Ash Weight ◽

The Common ◽

Native Host ◽

Management And Conservation

Abstract.—Silver lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis has been most strongly associated with native host species that are relatively large and have naked skin or relatively small scales, including paddlefish Polyodon spathula, lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, ictalurid catfishes, and esocids. In many regions, however, and especially in the southern part of the silver lamprey’s geographic range, these host species have declined in abundance through a combination of human impacts, and the most abundant large fish species is now the common carp Cyprinus carpio, an exotic species with large scales. Silver lampreys removed from paddlefish in the Wisconsin River and allowed to feed on carp in the laboratory displayed very little growth relative to lampreys in the river. Although paddlefish lack scales, skin densities of carp and paddlefish, measured as dry mass per unit area, were similar. However, dried samples of paddlefish skin displayed a substantial lipid residue, and skin density of paddlefish expressed as ash weight was less than that of carp. It is likely that increased handling time contributes to reduced growth by silver lampreys on carp. The importance of paddlefish skin lipids to silver lamprey feeding ecology should be investigated.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Leveillula taurica on Giant Blazing Star (Mentzelia laevicaulis)

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-1-0132a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 132-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. K. Sampangi ◽

D. A. Glawe ◽

T. Barlow ◽

S. K. Mohan

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Host Species ◽

The United States ◽

Similar Species ◽

Voucher Specimen ◽

First Report ◽

Leveillula Taurica ◽

The Pacific ◽

Native Host

Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray (Loasaceae; common names are giant blazing star and smoothstem blazing star) is widely distributed throughout western North America in sites ranging from lowland deserts to mountainous areas in Canada and the United States. During a plant disease survey in June 2007 in the Owyhee Mountains, Canyon County, Idaho, leaves of M. laevicaulis displaying whitish, mycelial growth were collected from plants growing on stream banks and gravelly road embankments. Diseased leaves exhibited localized, chlorotic discolorations associated with signs of a powdery mildew. Of approximately 20 plants at the site, 50% were infected. White mycelia and conidia were more abundant on the adaxial leaf surfaces than on the abaxial surfaces. Severely diseased leaves were buckled and slightly twisted. By August and through September, sporulation was greatest on mature plants, and lowermost leaves were completely covered with flocculose, dense, white mycelia. Dimorphic conidia were lanceolate or cylindrical and measured (44-) 46 to 67 (-71) × (14-) 14.5 to 20 (-21) μm. DNA was extracted and PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as described previously (2), except that primers ITS 5 and P3 (4) were used. The resulting 633-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. GQ860947) included a 616-bp region identical to a sequence reported previously for Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud from eastern Washington (GenBank No. AY912077), as well as ITS regions from L. taurica previously reported from Iran (GenBank No. AB048350) (2) and Australia (GenBank No. AF 073351) (2). Based on the ITS sequence, the present fungus grouped within Khodaparast et al. (3) Clade 1 that included L. taurica strains they distinguished from other, superficially similar species of Leveillula. On the basis of morphological and sequence data, the fungus was determined to be L. taurica (1,3). A voucher specimen was deposited in the Mycology Herbarium (WSP) at Washington State University. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a named powdery mildew species from a member of the Loasaceae. The only previous report of a powdery mildew on a loasaceous host was an undetermined Oidium sp. on a species of Mentzelia (1). The discovery of L. taurica on a previously unknown native host species is further evidence that this introduced pathogen is becoming endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Native host species, such as M. laevicaulis, may play a role in the epidemiology of powdery mildew diseases caused by L. taurica on crop and ornamental species in the Pacific Northwest. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) D. A. Glawe et al. Mycol. Prog. 4:291, 2005. (3) S. A. Khodaparast et al. Mycol. Res. 105:909, 2001. (4) S. Takamatsu and Y. Kano. Mycoscience 42:135, 2001.

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