scholarly journals The role of view for detecting a human head in natural scenes

Author(s):  
Mitsuo Endo
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Adil Ali Aiyush Al Zeen

ملخص البحث: يعرض هذا البحث موضوع  الخلود في الشعر الجاهلي، ودوره في تكوين شخصية الرجل المثال؛ إذ إن الجاهليين أرَّقَتهم مسألة الفناء، فبحثوا عن الخلود الجسدي وأدركوا أنه لا يمكن تحقيقه، وأمام رفضهم للفناء، اتضح لهم أن الخلود المعنوي هو السبيل الوحيد لبقاء الذكر بعد فناء الجسد، فعمد الرجل المثال في العصر الجاهلي إلى القيام بأفعالٍ حميدةٍ يذكره الشعراء في قصائدهم بها، ويفخر بها هو في أشعاره، كشهرة عنترة بالشجاعة، وحاتم بالكرم، والسموأل بالوفاء. ولإدراكهم أن أفعالهم تلك ستُبْقِي ذكرهم سائر العصور. توصل البحث إلى نماذج من أشعار الجاهليين، ليصل في النهاية إلى أنهم أدركوا أن خلودهم يتحقق معنوياً لا جسدياً. فيظهر لنا - من خلال الشعر – معنى الخلود ومعنى المثال، وإدراكهم لحقيقة الفناء بعد أن لمسوه في أنفسهم وفي مشاهد الطبيعة من حولهم، وطريقتهم في البحث عن الخلود المعنوي، ودور الشعر في تحقيق هذه الغاية. ثم يتبيَّنُ لنا إدراكهم أن الخلود لا يكون إلا من خلال المُثُلِ والقِيَمِ العربية التي كانوا يأتونها ويفخرون بها. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجاهلي - الشعر - الرجل - المثال - الخلود.         Abstract     The paper discusses the topic of immortality in the pre-Islamic period and its role in constructing the character of an ideal man. Since the Arabs before Islam were softened by the issue of death, they dwelled on the topic of immortality though they knew it too well its impossibility. As they rejected mortality, they realized that the abstract immortality is the only way for them to be remembered after the mortality of the body that enticed the ideal man in the pre-historic period to do commendable deeds that other poets would mention them with or he would make it as a virtue in his poems; as ‘Antarah was known for his bravery, Hatim with his generosity and Samuel with his loyalty as they realized that their deeds will be remembered for the rest of the ages. The study highlighted on a number of the Pre-Islamic poems and concluded that those poets realized that their mortality was achievable in a subtle way but not physically. This seems to us- from the poems- the meaning of immortality, idealism and their realization of the meaning of mortality from what they witnessed from the natural scenes that take place around them; the means to immortalize themselves in a subtle way and the role of poems in achieving this aim. We also learned that they themselves were fully aware that immortality is possible only through the Arabic virtues that they so proudly adhered to.   Keywords: Pre-Islamic period, Poem, Man, Ideal, Immortality     Abstrak   Makalah ini membincangkan tema keabadian hidup dalam era Jahiliah dan peranannya dalam membentuk keperibadian manusia ideal. Memandangkan bangsa Arab sebelum Islam mudah dilunakkan dengan isu kematian, mereka tetap mencanangkan tema keabadian walaupun sedar tentang kemustahilan untuk mengelaknya. Apablila mereka cuba menolak kematian, mereka menyedari bahawa keabadian secara abstrak ialah satu-satunya cara untuk mereka diingati selepas kematian dan meninggalkan legasi manusia ideal  dalam era Jahiliah ialah dengan menjadikan ingatan terhadap mereka itu ialah dengan kebaikan apa yang mereka lakukan dalam sebutan penyair-penyair lain ataupun dengan mereka sendiri menyebutnya dalam karya syair mereka sendiri. Demikianlah ‘Antarah dikenali dengan keberaniannya, Hatim dengan kemurahan hatinya, Samuel dengan kesetiaannya kerana kebaikan mereka akan dikenali sehingga bila-bila. Kajian ini menumpukan  kepada beberapa syair Jahiliah dan menyimpulkan bahawa penyair-penyair tersebut menyedari bahawa keabadian mereka boleh dicapai secara halus dan bukan secara fizikal. Kita dapat merumuskan daripada syair-syair tersebut bahawa pernyataan maksud keabadian dan idealisma serta penyerlahan maksud keabadian oleh mereka melalui apa yang mereka lihat berlaku di sekeliling mereka; cara untuk mengabadikan diri mereka ialah dengan melalui syair. Kami juga memperoleh maklumat bahawa mereka juga amat menyedari yang keabadian adalah sesuatu yang dapat dicapai melalui nilai-nilai budaya Arab yang amat mereka banggakan.   Kata kunci: Era jahiliah, Syair, Manusia, Keabadian


2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig N. Burkhart ◽  
Craig G. Burkhart

Background: Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) belongs to the order Anoplura, which are blood-feeding ectoparasites that live on human hair. Within these insects reside symbiotic bacteria that enable the insect to flourish on dietary sources of limited nutritional value. These symbiotic bacteria are essential to the survival of the insect. Objective: To assess the feasibility of treating head lice by altering their symbiotic bacteria. Methods: In addition to a literature review of the expanded role of symbiotic bacteria in other organisms, the anatomic localization of their presence in human head lice and molecular characterization of the head louse symbiont were analyzed. Results: Anatomically, the bacterial symbiotes are localized to the midgut mycetome in males and the ovaries in females. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid phylogenetic analysis was presented. Features of this bacterial symbiote may make this symbiont accessible as a target for pediculocidal and ovicidal therapy by altering its habitat and existence. Conclusions: An understanding of the nature of bacterial symbiotes of head lice might lead to alternative strategies for eradication or inhibition of these necessary bacteria, thereby controlling head lice with less toxic agents than conventional insecticides, to which the organism continues to increase its resistance.


Author(s):  
Hesam S. Moghaddam ◽  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami

Abstract A numerical investigation is conducted on the injury-related biomechanical parameters of the human head under blunt impacts. The objective of this research is twofold; first to understand the role of the employed finite element (FE) head model — with its specific components, shape, size, material properties, and mesh size — in predicting tissue responses of the brain, and second to investigate the fidelity of pressure response in validating FE head models. Accordingly, two independently established and validated FE head models are impacted in two directions under two impact severities and their predicted responses in terms of intracranial pressure (ICP) and shear stress are compared. The coup-counter ICP peak values are less sensitive to head model, mesh size, and the brain material. In all cases, maximum ICPs occur on the outer surface, vanishing linearly toward the center of the brain. Hence, it is concluded that different head models may simply reproduce the results of ICP variations due to impact. Shear stress prediction, however, is mainly affected by the head model, direction and severity of impact, and the brain material.


2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Koivisto ◽  
Granit Kastrati ◽  
Antti Revonsuo

Humans are rapid in categorizing natural scenes. Electrophysiological recordings reveal that scenes containing animals can be categorized within 150 msec, which has been interpreted to indicate that feedforward flow of information from V1 to higher visual areas is sufficient for visual categorization. However, recent studies suggest that recurrent interactions between higher and lower levels in the visual hierarchy may also be involved in categorization. To clarify the role of recurrent processing in scene categorization, we recorded EEG and manipulated recurrent processing with object substitution masking while the participants performed a go/no-go animal/nonanimal categorization task. The quality of visual awareness was measured with a perceptual awareness scale after each trial. Masking reduced the clarity of perceptual awareness, slowed down categorization speed for scenes that were not clearly perceived, and reduced the electrophysiological difference elicited by animal and nonanimal scenes after 150 msec. The results imply that recurrent processes enhance the resolution of conscious representations and thus support categorization of stimuli that are difficult to categorize on the basis of the coarse feedforward representations alone.


2014 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 1629-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Shigeishi ◽  
Koichiro Higashikawa ◽  
Masaaki Takechi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didem Korkmaz Hacialihafiz ◽  
Andreas Bartels

AbstractWe perceive scenes as stable even when eye movements induce retinal motion, for example during pursuit of a moving object. Mechanisms mediating perceptual stability have primarily been examined in motion regions of the dorsal visual pathway. Here we examined whether motion responses in human scene regions are encoded in eye- or world centered reference frames. We recorded brain responses in human participants using fMRI while they performed a well-controlled visual pursuit paradigm previously used to examine dorsal motion regions. In addition, we examined effects of content by using either natural scenes or their Fourier scrambles. We found that parahippocampal place area (PPA) responded to motion only in world- but not in eye-centered coordinates, regardless of scene content. The occipital place area (OPA) responded to both, objective and retinal motion equally, and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) had no motion responses but responded to pursuit. Only PPA’s objective motion responses were higher during scenes than scrambled images, although there was a similar trend in OPA. These results indicate a special role of PPA in representing its content in real-world coordinates. Our results question a strict subdivision of dorsal “what” and ventral “where” streams, and suggest a role of PPA in contributing to perceptual stability.


Author(s):  
Claudia Damiano ◽  
John Wilder ◽  
Elizabeth Yue Zhou ◽  
Dirk B. Walther ◽  
Johan Wagemans

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1812-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent U. Perrinet

Neurons in the input layer of primary visual cortex in primates develop edge-like receptive fields. One approach to understanding the emergence of this response is to state that neural activity has to efficiently represent sensory data with respect to the statistics of natural scenes. Furthermore, it is believed that such an efficient coding is achieved using a competition across neurons so as to generate a sparse representation, that is, where a relatively small number of neurons are simultaneously active. Indeed, different models of sparse coding, coupled with Hebbian learning and homeostasis, have been proposed that successfully match the observed emergent response. However, the specific role of homeostasis in learning such sparse representations is still largely unknown. By quantitatively assessing the efficiency of the neural representation during learning, we derive a cooperative homeostasis mechanism that optimally tunes the competition between neurons within the sparse coding algorithm. We apply this homeostasis while learning small patches taken from natural images and compare its efficiency with state-of-the-art algorithms. Results show that while different sparse coding algorithms give similar coding results, the homeostasis provides an optimal balance for the representation of natural images within the population of neurons. Competition in sparse coding is optimized when it is fair. By contributing to optimizing statistical competition across neurons, homeostasis is crucial in providing a more efficient solution to the emergence of independent components.


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