Biomechanical Analysis of the Sensitivity of Brain Tissue Responses to FE Head Models in the Study of Impact-Induced TBI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesam S. Moghaddam ◽  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Stress Prediction ◽  
Brain Material ◽  
The Brain

Abstract A numerical investigation is conducted on the injury-related biomechanical parameters of the human head under blunt impacts. The objective of this research is twofold; first to understand the role of the employed finite element (FE) head model — with its specific components, shape, size, material properties, and mesh size — in predicting tissue responses of the brain, and second to investigate the fidelity of pressure response in validating FE head models. Accordingly, two independently established and validated FE head models are impacted in two directions under two impact severities and their predicted responses in terms of intracranial pressure (ICP) and shear stress are compared. The coup-counter ICP peak values are less sensitive to head model, mesh size, and the brain material. In all cases, maximum ICPs occur on the outer surface, vanishing linearly toward the center of the brain. Hence, it is concluded that different head models may simply reproduce the results of ICP variations due to impact. Shear stress prediction, however, is mainly affected by the head model, direction and severity of impact, and the brain material.

Relaxation Time Effect on the Human Head Using the Thermal Wave Model

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni K. Tullius ◽  
Yildiz Bayazitoglu
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Human Head ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bioheat Transfer ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
The Waves ◽  
The Brain

The most common electronics used by the vast majority of the world’s population emit low radio frequencies and they may be harmful to both skin and brain tissue. The bio-heat transfer model is numerically solved to predict the time dependent temperature distribution of micro waves as it emits to the brain caused by everyday electronics in order to understand the effects the waves have on our organs. A time dependent finite difference technique is used to model a multilayer system depicting this external heat source passing through skin, bone, and into the brain. This model accounts for the extra heat generated within the body from the chemical reactions of the tissue, whereas pervious work took this heat sources to be negligible. A relaxation time is also included in the bioheat transfer model in order to account for the response time the tissue takes caused by the perturbation. Most studies neglect this parameter. Parameters for the adult and child head model are compared. The manuscript is aimed to understand the potential threats on the human body caused by everyday use of the technologies such as Ipods, cellular phones, bluetooth’s, etc.

Towards the Development of a Comprehensive HIC: Predicted Injury – Brain Material Dependency

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Taleb ◽  
M. J. Brown ◽  
M. M. Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Brain Material ◽  
Coronal Section ◽  
Inertial Loading ◽  
Strain Model ◽  
The Brain

Abstract This study proposes a systematic computer simulation technique, using strain as a criterion to assess the severity of brain damage under rotational loading, in particular diffuse axonal injury (DAI). A plane strain model representing realistically a section of the brain in the frontal plane (coronal section) is used in this investigation. The Brain-Skull interface has been modelled using a new representation, allowing the brain to move in a true bio-fidelic way, as well as taking into account the damping role of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which acts as a buoy forming a protective cushion around the brain. Based on accident reconstruction data from the literature, the model is validated against the injury observed on the victims. Furthermore, this study proposes a parametric study of brain material properties to assess their effect on the brains’ dynamic response and suggests a new injury criterion for the DAI. It appears that the need to develop a comprehensive head injury criterion (CHIC) which takes into account head injuries caused by non-direct impact or by inertial loading becomes crucial.

Computation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chafi ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

In this paper, an integrated numerical approach is introduced to determine the human brain responses when the head is exposed to blast explosions. The procedure is based on a 3D non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, and blast-brain interaction of the confronting human head. Due to the fact that there is no reported experimental data on blast-head interactions, several important checkpoints should be made before trusting the brain responses resulting from the blast modeling. These checkpoints include; a) a validated human head FEM subjected to impact loading; b) a validated air-free blast propagation model; and c) the verified blast waves-solid interactions. The simulations presented in this paper satisfy the above-mentioned requirements and checkpoints. The head model employed here has been validated again impact loadings. In this respect, Chafi et al. [1] have examined the head model against the brain intracranial pressure, and brain’s strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [2]. In another report, Chafi et al. [3] has examined the air-blast and blast-object simulations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) multi-material and Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) formulations. The predicted results of blast propagation matched very well with those of experimental data proving that this computational solid-fluid algorithm is able to accurately predict the blast wave propagation in the medium and the response of the structure to blast loading. Various aspects of blast wave propagations in air as well as when barriers such as solid walls are encountered have been studied. With the head model included, different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80cm (2.62 feet) from the explosion core. The impact of brain response due to severity of the blast under different amounts of the explosive material, TNT (0.0838, 0.205, and 0.5lb) is examined. The accuracy of the modeling can provide the information to design protection facilities for human head for the hostile environments.

Development and validation of a new finite element human head model

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio A.O. Fernandes ◽  
Dmitri Tchepel ◽  
Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa ◽  
Mariusz Ptak
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Accident Reconstruction ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Brain

Purpose Currently, there are some finite element head models developed by research groups all around the world. Nevertheless, the majority are not geometrically accurate. One of the problems is the brain geometry, which usually resembles a sphere. This may raise problems when reconstructing any event that involves brain kinematics, such as accidents, affecting the correct evaluation of resulting injuries. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a new finite element head model more accurate than the existing ones. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a new and geometrically detailed finite element brain model is proposed. Special attention was given to sulci and gyri modelling, making this model more geometrically accurate than currently available ones. In addition, these brain features are important to predict specific injuries such as brain contusions, which usually involve the crowns of gyri. Findings The model was validated against experimental data from impact tests on cadavers, comparing the intracranial pressure at frontal, parietal, occipital and posterior fossa regions. Originality/value As this model is validated, it can be now used in accident reconstruction and injury evaluation and even as a design tool for protective head gear.

scholarly journals Development of a Finite Element Head Model for the Study of Impact Head Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Yang ◽  
Kwong-Ming Tse ◽  
Ning Chen ◽  
Long-Bin Tan ◽  
Qing-Qian Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Brain

This study is aimed at developing a high quality, validated finite element (FE) human head model for traumatic brain injuries (TBI) prediction and prevention during vehicle collisions. The geometry of the FE model was based on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of a volunteer close to the anthropometry of a 50th percentile male. The material and structural properties were selected based on a synthesis of current knowledge of the constitutive models for each tissue. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was simulated explicitly as a hydrostatic fluid by using a surface-based fluid modeling method. The model was validated in the loading condition observed in frontal impact vehicle collision. These validations include the intracranial pressure (ICP), brain motion, impact force and intracranial acceleration response, maximum von Mises stress in the brain, and maximum principal stress in the skull. Overall results obtained in the validation indicated improved biofidelity relative to previous FE models, and the change in the maximum von Mises in the brain is mainly caused by the improvement of the CSF simulation. The model may be used for improving the current injury criteria of the brain and anthropometric test devices.

scholarly journals A simplified human head finite element model for brain injury assessment of blunt impacts

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 6538-6547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H.A. Hassan ◽  
Z. Taha ◽  
I. Hasanuddin ◽  
A.P.P.A. Majeed ◽  
H. Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Human Cadaver ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Head Neck

Blunt impacts contribute more than 95% of brain trauma injuries in Malaysia. Modelling and simulation of these impacts are essential in understanding the mechanics of the injuries to develop a protective equipment that might prevent brain trauma. Various finite element models of human head have been developed, ranging from two-dimensional models to very complex three-dimensional models. The aim of this study is to develop a simplified three-dimensional human head model with low computational cost, yet capable of producing reliable brain responses. The influence of different head-neck boundary conditions on the brain responses were also examined. Our model was validated against an experimental work on human cadaver. The model with free head-neck boundary condition was found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The head-neck joint was found to have a significant influence on the brain responses upon impact. Further investigations on the head-neck joint modelling are needed. Our simplified model was successfully validated against experimental data on human cadaver and could be used in simulating blunt impact scenarios.

scholarly journals An Inverse Scattering Approach Based on Inhomogeneous Medium Green's Functions for Microwave Imaging of Brain Strokes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
E. Konakyeri Arıcı ◽  
A. Yapar
Keyword(s):  
Inhomogeneous Medium ◽  
Inverse Scattering ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Inverse Scattering Problem ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Background Space ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

In this study, an inverse scattering approach is investigated for the detection and imaging of an abnormal structure (a bleeding or a stroke) inside the human brain. The method is mainly based on the solution of an integral equation whose kernel is the Green’s function of the inhomogeneous medium (corresponding to a human head model) which is obtained by a numerical approach based on Method of Moments (MoM). In this context, an inverse scattering problem related to the difference of healthy and unhealthy brain models is formulated and a difference function is obtained which indicates the region where the anomaly is located by solving this inverse problem. In order to reduce the reflection effects caused by the electromagnetic differences between the free space and the brain, a matching medium is used as the background space.

Simulation of Blast Induced Traumatic Brain Injury using Finite Element Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krishnaveni ◽  
D. Dominic Xavier ◽  
R. Sarathkumar ◽  
G. Kavitha ◽  
M. Senbagan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

Because of increase in threat from militant groups and during war exposure to blast wave from improvised explosive devices, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), a signature injury is on rise worldwide. During blast, the biological system is exposed to a sudden blast over pressure which is several times higher than the ambient pressure causing the damage in the brain. The severity of TBI due to air blast may vary from brief change in mental status or consciousness (termed as mild) to extended period of unconsciousness or memory loss after injuries (termed as severe). The blast wave induced impact on head propagates as shock wave with the broad spectrum of frequencies and stress concentrations in the brain. The primary blast TBI is directly induced by pressure differentials across the skull/fluid/soft tissue interfaces and is further reinforced by the reflected stress waves within the cranial cavity, leading to stress concentrations in certain regions of the brain. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the behaviour of a human brain model subjected to blast wave based on finite element model using LSDYNA code. The parts of a typical human head such as skull, scalp, CSF, brain are modelled using finite element with properties assumed based on available literature. The model is subjected to blast from frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe of the brain. The interaction of the blast wave with the head and subsequent transformation of various forms of shock energy internally have been demonstrated in the human head model. The brain internal pressure levels and the shear stress distribution in the various lobes of the brain such as frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital are determined and presented.

scholarly journals Brain Injury Differences in Frontal Impact Crash Using Different Simulation Strategies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dao Li ◽  
Chunsheng Ma ◽  
Ming Shen ◽  
Peiyu Li ◽  
Jinhuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Cumulative Strain ◽  
The Brain

In the real world crashes, brain injury is one of the leading causes of deaths. Using isolated human head finite element (FE) model to study the brain injury patterns and metrics has been a simplified methodology widely adopted, since it costs significantly lower computation resources than a whole human body model does. However, the degree of precision of this simplification remains questionable. This study compared these two kinds of methods: (1) using a whole human body model carried on the sled model and (2) using an isolated head model with prescribed head motions, to study the brain injury. The distribution of the von Mises stress (VMS), maximum principal strain (MPS), and cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) was used to compare the two methods. The results showed that the VMS of brain mainly concentrated at the lower cerebrum and occipitotemporal region close to the cerebellum. The isolated head modelling strategy predicted higher levels of MPS and CSDM 5%, while the difference is small in CSDM 10% comparison. It suggests that isolated head model may not equivalently reflect the strain levels below the 10% compared to the whole human body model.

Skull Deformation Has No Impact on the Variation of Brain Intracranial Pressure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Hesam Sarvghad-Moghaddam ◽  
Ashkan Eslaminejad ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Stress Wave Propagation ◽  
Head Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Skull Deformation

Skull deformation and vibration has been hypothesized to be an injury mechanism when the human head undergoes an impact scenario. The extent that skull deformation may increase the risk of traumatic brain injury, however, is not well understood. This computational study explains whether skull deformation has any impact on the variation of intracranial pressure (ICP). To this end, a finite element head model including major anatomical components of the human head was employed. The head model has been validated against ICP variations on the brain. The impact simulations were carried out using a rigid cylindrical impactor. The scenarios were frontal impacts with the impactor hitting the forehead of the head model at two impact severity levels. In order to examine the effect of skull elasticity on the stress wave propagation inside the cranium under an external applied force, the skull was also taken as a rigid body with the same density as the elastic one, and the result were compared with those obtained with the deformable skull. For the two cases, the variation of ICPs at the coup and countercoup sites were recorded and compared. The results of the study showed that, for the case studies presented here, the deformation of skull didn’t increase the level of ICP inside the brain. It was concluded that the skull rapid body motion might be responsible for brain injuries.

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