Frictional Resistance between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwire: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this investigation was to determine the kinetic frictional resistance offered by stainless steel and Titanium bracket used in combination with rectangular stainless steel wire during in vitro translatory displacement of brackets. Materials and methods In this study. Brackets: (All brackets used had a torque of – 7° and an angulation of 0°): (1) Dynalock (Unitek) 0.018” slot, 3.3 mm bracket width, (2) Mini Uni-Twin (Unitek) 0.018” slot, 1.6 mm bracket width, (3) Ultra-Minitrim (Dentaurum) 0.022” slot 3.3 mm bracket width, (4) Titanium (Dentaurum) 0.022” slot, 3.3 mm bracket width. WIRES: (1) 0.016 × 0.022” stainless steel (Dentaurum), (2) 0.017 × 0.025’'stainless steel (Unitek), (3) 0.018 × 0.025” stainless steel (Dentaurum), elastomeric modules (Ortho Organisers), 0. 009” stainless steel ligature wires, hooks made of 0.021 × 0.025” stainless steel wires, super glue to bond the hooks to the base of the bracket, acetone to condition the bracket and wires before testing and artificial saliva. Brackets were moved along the wire by means of an Instron universal testing machine (1101) and forces were measured by a load cell. All values were recorded in Newtons and then converted into gms (1N-102 gm). 200 gm was then subtracted from these values to find out the frictional force for each archwire/bracket combination. For each archwire/ bracket combination three readings were taken under wet and dry condition and also with stainless steel ligature and elastomeric modules separately. Results The results showed that narrow brackets generated more friction than wider brackets. Frictional force was directly proportional to wire dimension. Titanium brackets generated more friction than stainless steel brackets. Archwire and bracket ligated with elastomeric module generated more friction than when ligated with stainless steel ligature wire. Frictional forces in the wet condition were greater than in the dry condition for all archwire to bracket combinations. Conclusion Frictional force was seen to be inversely proportional to bracket width, frictional force was inversely proportional to bracket width, and in the wet condition were greater than in the dry condition for all archwire to bracket combinations. Clinical significance This study of friction is its role in lessening the force actually received by a tooth from an active component such as a spring, loop or elastic. Hence greater applied force is needed to move a tooth with a bracket archwire combination demonstrating high magnitudes of friction compared with one with a low frictional value. How to cite this article Husain N, Kumar A. Frictional Resistance between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwire: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):91-99.

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Evaluation and Comparison of Two Different Mouthwashes on Frictional Resistance Between Orthodontic Bracket and Archwire: An in Vitro Study

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society ◽

10.1177/0301574219840886 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 117-125

Author(s):

Jayanti Choudhary ◽

B Shashikumar ◽

Anand K Patil

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Steel Wire ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Control Group ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Custom Made ◽

Significant Difference

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of tea tree oil (TTO) mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on frictional resistance. Settings and Design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: In total, 60 extracted premolars were mounted on a custom-made acrylic fixture. These 60 premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 each, on which 0.022″ × 0.028″ slot MBT stainless steel brackets were bonded and 0.019″ × 0.025″ rectangular stainless steel wire was ligated with an elastomeric module. The 3 groups included a control group where the samples were immersed in artificial saliva and 2 experimental groups immersed in 0.2% CHX and TTO mouthwash, respectively, for 1.5 hours. Postimmersion static frictional resistance was evaluated on a universal testing machine at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical Analysis Used: Tukey’s post hoc procedure. Results: This study showed a statistically significant difference in the frictional resistance between saliva and CHX groups and CHX and TTO groups ( P < .05). No statistically significant difference was observed between saliva and TTO groups ( P > .05). The frictional resistance was more in the CHX mouthwash group than in the TTO mouthwash group. Conclusions: Frictional resistance was lesser in the TTO mouthwash than in the CHX mouthwash. Based on this result, TTO mouthwash can be used instead of CHX mouthwash as an oral hygiene aid in patients with orthodontic treatments.

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An In Vitro Evaluation of Frictional Characteristics of Labial and Lingual Self-ligating Brackets with Various Archwire Alloys

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society ◽

10.1177/0301574220921383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 203-213

Author(s):

Subrat Kumar Sahany ◽

G. Sreejith Kumar

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Frictional Force ◽

Testing Machine ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Conventional Brackets ◽

Frictional Forces ◽

Dry And Wet Conditions ◽

Lingual Brackets

Background: An understanding of bracket slot–archwire interface is imperative for biomechanical effectiveness in orthodontic sliding mechanics and hence the aim of the study is to evaluate frictional properties of lingual self-ligating brackets comparing with conventional lingual and labial self-ligating brackets using three different archwire alloys in various environments. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study compared the frictional force of labial and lingual self-ligating and conventional lingual brackets with stainless steel, TMA, and Cr-Co alloy archwires of 0.017” × 0.025” dimension in dry and wet conditions. Frictional forces were evaluated in a simulated half arch fixed appliance using a testing machine. Static and kinetic friction were measured and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANNOVA) test and post hoc Duncan multiple range test. The effects of brackets and archwires in dry and wet conditions were analyzed by three-way variance (ANNOVA) test. Result: The maximum frictional forces were observed with labial self-ligating brackets followed by lingual conventional brackets and the least by lingual self-ligating brackets. Of all the wires tested, TMA wires had the maximum frictional forces followed by Co-Cr and stainless steel. In both conditions, the values were non-significant with all bracket–wire combinations except with Co-Cr and TMA wires. Conclusions: Varied amount of frictional force was shown by the brackets and wires with highest by labial self-ligating bracket, followed by lingual conventional and lingual self-ligating brackets. TMA wires experienced higher friction followed by Co-Cr and stainless steel with minimum friction.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Static Frictional Resistance Using Various Methods of Ligation at Different Time Intervals: An In Vitro Study

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2015/407361 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amanpreet Singh Natt ◽

Amandeep Kaur Sekhon ◽

Sudhir Munjal ◽

Rohit Duggal ◽

Anup Holla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Static Friction ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

The Mean ◽

Time Periods

Aim. To compare and evaluate the static frictional resistance offered by the four different types of ligation methods in both dry and wet conditions and at different durations when immersed in artificial saliva.Material and Methods. Alastik Easy to Tie modules, Super Slick Mini Stix elastomeric modules, Power “O” modules, and 0.009″Stainless Steel ligatures were used to compare the static friction using maxillary canine and premolar Preadjusted Edgewise brackets with 0.022″× 0.028″slot and 0.019″× 0.025″stainless steel wires.Results. The mean frictional resistance for Alastik modules was the lowest and that of Stainless Steel ligatures was found to be highest among the four groups compared and the difference among the four groups was statistically significant (P<0.005). The mean static frictional resistance in all groups under dry conditions was lower than that under wet conditions. No statistical significant differences were found when the groups were compared at different time periods of immersion in artificial saliva.Conclusion. This study concludes that the Alastik modules showed the lowest mean static frictional forces compared to any other ligation method, though no significant difference was found for different time periods of immersion in the artificial saliva.

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Efficacy of Super Slick Elastomeric Modules in reducing Friction during Sliding: A Comparative in vitro Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1576 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 543-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sadhiq Khan Pattan ◽

Revathi Peddu ◽

Shyam Kumar Bandaru ◽

Devikanth Lanka ◽

Kalyani Mallavarapu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Testing Machine ◽

Calculated Data ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Human Saliva ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Kinetic Friction ◽

Wet Condition ◽

Frictional Forces

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate and compare the frictional resistance produced by Super Slick modules during sliding with four different types of brackets and four ligature types both in conventional and figure-of-8 ligation method with saliva as lubricant. Materials and methods The frictional resistance was evaluated by using four different ligatures on 0.019” × 0.025” stainless steel (SS) archwires using four different brackets using an universal testing machine with unstimulated saliva as a lubricant. Mean and SD values were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance ANOVA with post hoc test. Results The results showed that self-ligating brackets produced least frictional forces. Among all other tested combinations, Teflon-coated SS ligatures in ceramic with metal slot brackets produced least coefficient of static and kinetic friction and full ceramic brackets ligated with Super Slick elastomeric modules demonstrated the highest, with other combinations falling in between. Conclusion Super Slick elastomeric modules, produced highest coefficient of both static and kinetic friction with the conventional and figure-of-8 ligation technique even in wet conditions using natural fresh human saliva. Clinical significance Both static and kinetic frictional resistance play an important role during sliding mechanics. Various factors have been attributed for friction. However, bracket type, archwire material, type of ligature and method of ligation are important variables. Recently polymeric coated slick elastomeric modules were introduced with the claim that they produce very low frictional forces in wet condition. Contrary to the claim made by the manufacturers of Super Slick elastomeric modules, they produced highest coefficient of both static and kinetic friction with the conventional and figure-of-8 ligation technique. How to cite this article Pattan SK, Peddu R, Bandaru SK, Lanka D, Mallavarapu K, Pathan AB. Efficacy of Super Slick Elastomeric Modules in reducing Friction during Sliding: A Comparative in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014; 15(5):543-551.

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Influence of ligation method on friction resistance of lingual brackets with different second-order angulations: an in vitro study

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.21.4.034-040.oar ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 34-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Graziane Olímpio Pereira ◽

Carla Maria Melleiro Gimenez ◽

Lucas Prieto ◽

Marcos Gabriel do Lago Prieto ◽

Roberta Tarkany Basting

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Testing Machine ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Static Friction ◽

Second Order ◽

Friction Resistance ◽

Lingual Brackets ◽

Sliding Mechanics

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate stainless steel archwire static friction in active and passive self-ligating lingual and conventional brackets with second-order angulations. Methods: Two conventional lingual brackets for canines (STb light/Ormco; PSWb/Tecnident), and two self-ligating brackets, one active (In-Ovation L/GAC) and the other passive (3D/ Forestadent), were evaluated. A stainless steel archwire was used at 0°, 3° and 5° angulations. Metal ligatures, conventional elastic ligatures, and low friction elastic ligatures were also tested. A universal testing machine applied friction between brackets and wires, simulating sliding mechanics, to produce 2-mm sliding at 3 mm/minute speed. Results: Two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant effect of the interaction between brackets and angulations (p < 0.001). Tukey test indicated that the highest frictional resistance values were observed at 5° angulation for In-Ovation L, PSWb bracket with non conventional ligature, and STb bracket with metal ligature. As for 3D, PSWb with conventional or metal ligatures, and STb brackets with non conventional ligature, showed significantly lower static frictional resistance with 0° angulation. At 0° angulation, STb brackets with metal ties, In-Ovation L brackets and 3D brackets had the lowest frictional resistance. Conclusions: As the angulation increased from 0° to 3°, static friction resistance increased. When angulation increased from 3° to 5°, static friction resistance increased or remained the same. Self-ligating 3D and In-Ovation L brackets, as well as conventional STb brackets, seem to be the best option when sliding mechanics is used to perform lingual orthodontic treatment.

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Chromium Release from New Stainless Steel, Recycled and Nickel-free Orthodontic Brackets

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/042108-223.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Maria Francesca Sfondrini ◽

Vittorio Cacciafesta ◽

Elena Maffia ◽

Sarah Massironi ◽

Andrea Scribante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Atomic Emission ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Time Interval ◽

Chromium Release

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the amounts of chromium released from new stainless steel brackets, recycled stainless steel brackets, and nickel-free (Ni-free) orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed using a classic batch procedure by immersion of the samples in artificial saliva at various acidities (pH 4.2, 6.5, and 7.6) over an extended time interval (t1 = 0.25 h, t2 = 1 h, t3 = 24 h, t4 = 48 h, t5 = 120 h). The amount of chromium release was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Statistical analysis included a linear regression model for repeated measures, with calculation of Huber-White robust standard errors to account for intrabracket correlation of data. For post hoc comparisons the Bonferroni correction was applied. Results: The greatest amount of chromium was released from new stainless steel brackets (0.52 ± 1.083 μg/g), whereas the recycled brackets released 0.27 ± 0.38 μg/g. The smallest release was measured with Ni-free brackets (0.21 ± 0.51 μg/g). The difference between recycled brackets and Ni-free brackets was not statistically significant (P = .13). For all brackets, the greatest release (P = .000) was measured at pH 4.2, and a significant increase was reported between all time intervals (P < .002). Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected, but the amount of chromium released in all test solutions was well below the daily dietary intake level.

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Comparative Evaluation of Frictional forces between different Archwire-bracket Combinations

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11307 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vinit Singh ◽

Swati Acharya ◽

Satyabrata Patnaik ◽

Smruti Bhusan Nanda

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Nickel Titanium ◽

Orthodontic Bracket ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Beta Titanium ◽

Frictional Forces

Introduction: During sliding mechanics, frictional resistance is an important counterforce to orthodontic tooth movement; whichmust be controlled to allow application of light continuous forces.Objective: To investigate static and kinetic frictional resistance between three orthodontic brackets: ceramic, self-ligating, andstainless steel, and three 0.019×0.025” archwires: stainless steel, nickel-titanium, titanium-molybdenum.Materials & Method: The in vitro study compared the effects of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium archwires onfrictional forces of three orthodontic bracket systems: ceramic, self-ligating, and stainless steel brackets. All brackets had 0.022”slots, and the wires were 0.019×0.025”. Friction was evaluated in a simulated half-arch fixed appliance on a testing machine. Thestatic and kinetic friction data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Duncan multiple rangetest.Result: Self-ligating (Damon) brackets generated significantly lower static and kinetic frictional forces than stainless steel (Gemini)and ceramic brackets (Clarity). Among the archwire materials, Beta-titanium showed the maximum amount of frictional forceand stainless steel archwires had the lowest frictional force.Conclusion: The static and kinetic frictional force for stainless steel bracket was lowest in every combination of wire.

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An in vitro comparison of the force decay generated by different commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242007000100009 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ana Cristina Soares Santos ◽

André Tortamano ◽

Sandra Regina Frazatto Naccarato ◽

Gladys Cristina Dominguez-Rodriguez ◽

Julio Wilson Vigorito

Keyword(s):

Artificial Saliva ◽

Testing Machine ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Original Length ◽

Force Decay ◽

Decay Pattern ◽

The Mean ◽

Initial Force ◽

Elastomeric Chains

This in vitro study was designed to compare the forces generated by commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs, and to determine their force decay pattern. Forty elastomeric chains and forty NiTi closed coil springs were divided into 4 groups according to the following manufacturers: (1) Morelli®, (2) Abzil®, (3) TP Orthodontics® and (4) American Orthodontics®. The specimens were extended to twice their original length and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. Initial force was measured by means of an Instron universal testing machine and then at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results revealed that the elastomeric chains delivered a mean initial force of 347 g for Morelli®, 351 g for American Orthodontics®, 402 g for Abzil®, and 404 g for TP Orthodontics®. The NiTi closed coil springs generated a mean initial force of 196 g for American Orthodontics®, 208 g for TP Orthodontics®, 216 g for Abzil®, and 223 g for Morelli®. The mean percentage of force decay observed after 28 days for the elastomeric chains was 37.4% for TP Orthodontics®, 48.1% for American Orthodontics®, 65.4% for Morelli®, and 71.6% for Abzil®. After 28 days, the NiTi closed coil springs presented a mean percentage of force decay of 22.6% for American Orthodontics®, 29.8% for Abzil®, 30.6% for Morelli®, and 45.8% for TP Orthodontics®. At the end of the study, significant differences were observed between the elastomeric chains and the NiTi closed coil springs. The results indicated that the studied NiTi closed coil springs are more adequate for dental movement than the elastomeric chains.

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