Pediatric HIV Infections

2009 ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
Praveen Khilnani ◽  
Deepika Singhal ◽  
Shiv Rajdev
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv

scholarly journals What is needed to eliminate new pediatric HIV infections

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Doherty ◽  
Andrea Ciaranello
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv

scholarly journals Oral clade C SHIV challenge models to study pediatric HIV-1 infection by breastmilk transmission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen K.A. Van Rompay ◽  
Alan D. Curtis ◽  
Michael Hudgens ◽  
Ryan Tuck ◽  
Neelima Choudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Clade C ◽  
Virological Outcomes ◽  
Shiv Infection ◽  
Infant Rhesus

ABSTRACTNonhuman primate (NHP) models are invaluable for HIV pathogenesis, intervention and cure studies. To enhance the translational potential of NHP HIV vaccine studies, clinically relevant R5-tropic, tier 2 neutralization sensitive, and mucosally transmissible simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been designed. Towards our goal of developing vaccines to prevent breastmilk transmission of HIV, we evaluated virological outcomes of three distinct SHIVs in repeated weekly oral exposure regimens in infant rhesus macaques. The selected strains SHIV-1157ipd3N4, SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H, and SHIV CH505 375H.dCT express a clade C HIV Env, the clade most prevalent in regions with high pediatric HIV infections.All three SHIVs were orally transmissible. However, compared to the pediatric SIVmac251model, SHIV replication was more attenuated. Some animals exposed to weekly low-dose (20 TCID50) SHIV-1157ipd3N4 had transient viremia blips associated with lack or delayed seroconversion. Animals with acute viremia ≥10,000 viral RNA copies/ml seroconverted. This finding was reminiscent of an earlier study suggesting to continue challenges until a threshold of ≥10,000 viral RNA copies/ml is surpassed to achieve seroconversion, one criterion of HIV diagnosis. All animals exposed weekly with higher doses (>104TCID50) of SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H or SHIV CH505 375h.dCT developed persistent infection with high peak viremia and seroconverted. Chronic viremia varied widely in all three SHIV infection models. Thus, although R5 clade C SHIVs are excellent tools to study prevention of virus acquisition, secondary virological outcomes of vaccine efficacy (e.g. risk of infection per exposure, modulation of peak viremia, viral set point) will require careful consideration and validation in SHIV challenge models.IMPORTANCEThe development of an effective HIV vaccine remains a top priority towards the goal of reducing the number of new HIV infections. Studies in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection have been instrumental in the preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines. To assess the role of HIV Env-specific antibodies with broadly neutralizing or Fc-mediated effector function in these NHP models, the development and optimization of novel SHIV challenge models is required. We evaluate three different clade C HIV Env SHIVs for infectivity of infant macaques by the oral route. Our results demonstrate that SHIV-1157ipd3N4, SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H, and SHIV CH505 375H.dCT can be orally transmitted and establish persistent infection in infant rhesus macaques, but chronic viremia levels vary widely. Therefore, SHIV infection models are most pertinent when prevention of systemic infection is the primary readout of vaccine efficacy, but secondary outcome measures of vaccine efficacy will require stringent criteria and extensive validation.

Growing Up with HIV/AIDS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Shiau ◽  
Lindsey Reif
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Pediatric Hiv Care ◽  
Living With Hiv

Largely due to increased success in prevention of mother-to-child transmission, new HIV infections among children globally have declined by 47 percent since 2010, from 300,000 in 2010 to 160,000 in 2016. However, the epidemic continues. In 2016 2.1 million children under fifteen years old were estimated to be living with HIV globally, with 85 percent living in sub-Saharan Africa. Without access to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART), infants and younger children living with HIV are at high risk for mortality, with a mortality rate of about 30 percent by the first year of life and 50 percent by their second year. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and adherence to effective ART is critical. Early infant diagnosis is becoming more widely available globally, allowing for earlier identification of infection close to birth and opportunities to start treatment early in infants and the potential for cure strategies. With effective treatment, pediatric HIV infection has been transformed from a fatal disease to a lifelong chronic disease. Much of pediatric HIV care focuses on co-morbidities related to long-term HIV infection and its treatment. In addition, children living with HIV require close monitoring as they age into adolescence, a high-risk period when they navigate mental, physical, and emotional development. As adolescents become independent from parents or guardians and face choices regarding relationships, sexual behavior, and alcohol and drug use, they are at high risk for poor adherence to ART.

scholarly journals Neutralization-Sensitive R5-Tropic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV-2873Nip, Which Carries env Isolated from an Infant with a Recent HIV Clade C Infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1422-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa ◽  
Ruijiang Song ◽  
Victor G. Kramer ◽  
Agnès-Laurence Chenine ◽  
Vijayakumar Velu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clade C

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus clade C (HIV-C) accounts for >56% of all HIV infections worldwide. To investigate vaccine safety and efficacy in nonhuman primates, a pathogenic, R5-tropic, neutralization-sensitive simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) carrying HIV-C env would be desirable. We have constructed SHIV-2873Ni, an R5-tropic SHIV carrying a primary pediatric HIV-C env gene isolated from a 2-month-old Zambian infant, who died within 1 year of birth. SHIV-2873Ni was constructed using SHIV-1157ipd3N4 (R. J. Song, A. L. Chenine, R. A. Rasmussen, C. R. Ruprecht, S. Mirshahidi, R. D. Grisson, W. Xu, J. B. Whitney, L. M. Goins, H. Ong, P. L. Li, E. Shai-Kobiler, T. Wang, C. M. McCann, H. Zhang, C. Wood, C. Kankasa, W. E. Secor, H. M. McClure, E. Strobert, J. G. Else, and R. M. Ruprecht. J. Virol. 80:8729-8738, 2006) as the backbone, since the latter contains additional NF-κB sites in the long terminal repeats to enhance viral replicative capacity. The parental virus, SHIV-2873Ni, was serially passaged through five rhesus monkeys (RMs); SHIV-2873Nip, the resulting passaged virus, was reisolated from the fourth recipient about 1 year postinoculation. SHIV-2873Nip was replication competent in RM peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all random donors tested and was exclusively R5 tropic, and its env gene clustered with HIV-C by phylogenetic analysis; its high sensitivity to neutralization led to classification as a tier 1 virus. Indian-origin RMs were inoculated by different mucosal routes, resulting in high peak viral RNA loads. Signs of virus-induced disease include depletion of gut CD4+ T lymphocytes, loss of memory T cells in blood, and thrombocytopenia that resulted in fatal cerebral hemorrhage. SHIV-2873Nip is a highly replication-competent, mucosally transmissible, pathogenic R5-tropic virus that will be useful to study viral pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of immunogens targeting HIV-C Env.

Neurocognitive Complications of Pediatric HIV Infections

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Benki-Nugent ◽  
Michael J. Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv

scholarly journals Pediatric HIV outbreak in Pakistan: policy implications from generalized arima analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Smartson. P. NYONI ◽  
Thabani NYONI
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parsimonious Model

HIV/AIDS is increasingly becoming a nightmare in Pakistan. If left uncontrolled now, the country’s limited resources could be overwhelmed by 2030 and this will cause worse sufferings and disease burden in the country. Using annual time series data on the number of children (ages 0 – 14) newly infected with HIV in Pakistan from 1990 – 2018, the study predicts the annual number of children who will be newly infected with HIV over the period 2019 – 2030. The study applied the Box-Jenkins ARIMA technique. The diagnostic ADF tests show that, W, the series under consideration is an I (1) variable. Based on the AIC, the study presents the ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model as the parsimonious model. The residual correlogram further reveals that the estimated model is stable. The results of the study indicate that the number of new HIV infections in Pakistan is rising and on this trajectory, the country’s limited resources will soon be overwhelmed. Our best model revealed that new pediatric HIV infections in Pakistan will continue to rise from the estimated 1460 to almost 1990 annual new infections by 2030. Amongst other policy directions, the study encourages the government of Pakistan to increase HIV awareness as well as expand PPTCT coverage throughout the country.

scholarly journals Spatial pattern and determinants of sufficient knowledge of mother to child transmission of HIV and its prevention among Nigerian women

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253705
Author(s):  
Paul Omoh Olopha ◽  
Akin Olusoga Fasoranbaku ◽  
Ezra Gayawan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Approximation Technique ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Sufficient Knowledge ◽  
Mother To Child

The lack of sufficient knowledge of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women is considered a major contributor to new pediatric HIV infections globally, and increasing HIV related infant mortality especially in developing countries. Nigeria has the highest number of new HIV infections among children in the world. This study was designed to examine the spatial pattern and determinants of acquisition of sufficient knowledge of MTCT and prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) in Nigeria. The data used in the study were extracted from the 2018 Nigeria Democratic Health Survey. The spatial modeling was through a Bayesian approach with appropriate prior distributions assigned to the different parameters of the model and inference was through the integrated nested Laplace approximation technique (INLA). Results show considerable spatial variability in the acquisition of sufficient knowledge of MTCT and its prevention with women in the southwestern and southeastern part of the country having higher likelihood. The nonlinear effects findings show that acquisition of sufficient knowledge of MTCT and PMTCT increased with age of women and peaked at around age 35yearswhere it thereafter dropped drastically among the older women. Furthermore, sufficient knowledge of MTCT and PMTCT was found to be driven by ethnicity, respondents’ education and wealth status.

scholarly journals Maternal Humoral Immune Correlates of Peripartum Transmission of Clade C HIV-1 in the Setting of Peripartum Antiretrovirals

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine P. Mutucumarana ◽  
Joshua Eudailey ◽  
Erin P. McGuire ◽  
Nathan Vandergrift ◽  
Gerald Tegha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Transmission Modes ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Clade C ◽  
Cd4 Binding Site ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Despite the widespread use of antiretrovirals (ARV), more than 150,000 pediatric HIV-1 infections continue to occur annually. Supplemental strategies are necessary to eliminate pediatric HIV infections. We previously reported that maternal HIV envelope-specific anti-V3 IgG and CD4 binding site-directed antibodies, as well as tier 1 virus neutralization, predicted a reduced risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 in the pre-ARV era U.S.-based Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) cohort. As the majority of ongoing pediatric HIV infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, we sought to determine if the same maternal humoral immune correlates predicted MTCT in a subset of the Malawian Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) cohort of HIV-infected mothers (n = 88, with 45 transmitting and 43 nontransmitting). Women and infants received ARV at delivery; thus, the majority of MTCT was in utero (91%). In a multivariable logistic regression model, neither maternal anti-V3 IgG nor clade C tier 1 virus neutralization was associated with MTCT. Unexpectedly, maternal CD4 binding-site antibodies and anti-variable loop 1 and 2 (V1V2) IgG were associated with increased MTCT, independent of maternal viral load. Neither infant envelope (Env)-specific IgG levels nor maternal IgG transplacental transfer efficiency was associated with transmission. Distinct humoral immune correlates of MTCT in the BAN and WITS cohorts could be due to differences between transmission modes, virus clades, or maternal antiretroviral use. The association between specific maternal antibody responses and in utero transmission, which is distinct from potentially protective maternal antibodies in the WITS cohort, underlines the importance of investigating additional cohorts with well-defined transmission modes to understand the role of antibodies during HIV-1 MTCT.

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