The Capital Structure Puzzle: What Are We Missing?

An important piece of the capital structure puzzle has been missing, and it is not a contracting friction. It is recognition that managers do not have sufficient knowledge to optimize capital structure with any real precision. The literature critique in this paper i) identifies the conceptual sources of the main empirical failures of the leading models of capital structure and ii) shows how those failures can be repaired by taking into account imperfect managerial knowledge and several other factors. The analysis yields a compact set of principles for thinking about capital structure in an empirically supported way.

Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge on Cancer and Screening Methods

Background and Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge of community pharmacists on cancer and screening methods. Setting and Method This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study and was conducted between January-June 2020 in Istanbul/Turkey. a structured questionnaire was applied to pharmacists as online. The questionnaire was prepared by the researchers and consisted of 49 questions; basic information about cancer (15 items), signs and symptoms (11 items), causes and risk factors (14 items), cancer screening methods (9 items). Results It was determined that the majority (>90%) of the pharmacists did not receive any education on cancer and/or cancer screening methods after graduation. The sufficient knowledge level of the pharmacists about cancer basics, signs and symptoms, and risk factors were found to be as 80%, 77%, and 67%, respectively. The internal consistency level of the questionnaire was calculated (Cronbach's alpha = 0.814). The item “Every woman should perform breast self-examination and notify a health professional when there is a change in breast appearance or feeling,” was answered correctly by 98% of the pharmacists. It was determined that 71% of the pharmacists gave the correct answer to the item “Women aged 21–30 years should have a PAP smear every 3 years”. Conclusion According to the results of the study, while the rate of sufficient knowledge level on cancer was found to be low, knowledge on cancer screening was found to be sufficient. We think that pharmacists should receive training on cancer and screening methods and to follow the guidelines closely.

Cadre Empowerment and Exclusive Breastfeeding Assistance for Pregnant Women in Sempor Village, Sempor District, Kebumen

Breast milk is the ideal food for babies. Preparation for exclusive breastfeeding should start during pregnancy. The success of exclusive breastfeeding requires a lot of support from husband and family. Health volunteers are the spearhead of providing health information in the village so it is necessary to empower health volunteers in the socialization of exclusive breastfeeding to pregnant women. The purpose of the activity is to empower health volunteers regarding the importance of exclusive breastfeeding so that they can provide assistance on exclusive breastfeeding for pregnant women. The method of activity is to empower health volunteers about exclusive breastfeeding. Pre-test and post-test were carried out before the activity as an evaluation. The tools and materials used are LCD, screen, leaflet, questionnaire. A sample of 15 health volunteers. The results, before empowering health volunteers there were 8 health volunteers with sufficient knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (53%) and 2 health volunteers with good knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (13.3%). After empowering health volunteers, there was an increase in the knowledge of health volunteers, namely 13 health volunteers had good knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (86.6%) and the remaining 2 health volunteers had sufficient knowledge (13.3%). At the mentoring stage, 15 health volunteers managed to provide assistance to 15 pregnant women who were willing to prepare themselves during pregnancy to provide exclusive breastfeeding to their babies after birth. The conclusion is that there is an increase in knowledge of health volunteers after empowering health volunteers so that pregnant women get assistance in preparing exclusive breastfeeding.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU MENYUSUI DENGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKLUSIF DI PUSKESMAS DARUSALAM

Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding has actually been active for a long time, but the reality is that government programs have not run as expected. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of breastfeeding mothers with exclusive breastfeeding at the Darussalam Health Center in 2020. This type of research is an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach. The total population is 195 breastfeeding mothers who have babies aged 0-6 months at the Darussalam Health Center and a sample of 66 people. Sampling using accidental sampling technique. Collecting data through interviews using a questionnaire. Data processing with editing, coding, scoring, and tabulating processes. Analytical data analysis, presented in univariate data analysis and bivariate data analysis. For bivariate data, analyze the relationship between variables using chi square. The results showed that from 66 breastfeeding mothers there were 48 breastfeeding mothers (72.7%) who gave exclusive breastfeeding, 26 breastfeeding mothers (39.4%) who had sufficient knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, 53 breastfeeding mothers (80.3%). who have a positive attitude about exclusive breastfeeding. There is no relationship between knowledge of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding, with the results of the chi-square test, X2 count < X2 table (1.4 <5.591) and there is a relationship between the attitudes of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding, with the results of the chi-square test, where X2 count > X2 table (34.72 > 3.841). The conclusion of this study is that the majority of breastfeeding mothers who give exclusive breastfeeding are 48 people, the majority of breastfeeding mothers have sufficient knowledge, 26 people, and the majority of breastfeeding mothers have a positive attitude 53 people. There is no relationship between knowledge of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding and there is a relationship between attitudes of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding. It is hoped that breastfeeding mothers and the community can improve attitudes in giving exclusive breastfeeding.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Care Professionals towards Covid-19 and Associated Factors at Public Health Facilities of Sidama Region, Ethiopia

Background: As the World Health Organization situation report of November 14, 2021, globally there were over 252 million confirmed cases and over 5 million deaths attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. How COVID-19 is transmitted put health care professionals (HCPs) at higher risk of contracting the disease because of their work conditions. Information regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards the disease among HCPs are of higher importance to devise interventions that will tackle the pandemic.Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 29 to October 07, 2020, among randomly selected 422 health care professionals. Epi-data and SPPS software were used for entry and analysis of the data respectively. Frequencies, percentages, and charts were used to describe the KAP of HCPs towards the disease. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify factors that are associated with the KAP of HCPs. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were declared as significantly associated.Results: 406 HCPs have participated in this study. Less than half (45%) HCPs had sufficient knowledge about COVID-19. HCPs aged 30 or more years, working in health centers, and HCPs that received an orientation or training regarding COVID-19 had significantly higher knowledge. About 77% HCPs had a positive attitude towards COVID-19. Educational level and knowledge about COVID-19 were significant predictors of attitude. About three-fifths (59%) of study participants had good practice towards COVID-19. Types of health facilities, work experience, and orientation or training status were significantly associated with the practice.Conclusion: This study found a low proportion of HCPs having sufficient knowledge about COVID-19. About four in ten HCPs had poor practice towards COVID-19. Training, monitoring and supervision, knowledge and skill-sharing activities should be given due emphasis to tackle the pandemic in the region.

Specific Innovation Projects of the Retail Chain ‘Magnit’ and Their Risk Management

Today in conditions of severe competition of commercial enterprises it is necessary to upgrade their work by using different methods, one of them is the development and introduction of innovation projects. However, when an innovation project is worked out each developer faces certain risks requiring high-quality and effective management. Risk management in innovation projects is a complicated process, which is connected with the high level of uncertainty typical of innovation projects. Therefore, to manager risks of innovation projects highlyqualified personnel with sufficient knowledge and information is essential. The author studied the notion ‘innovation project’, investigated the causes of innovation risk rising and provided their classification. Apart from that, innovation projects of the retail chain ‘Magnit’ were analyzed, key problems of managing risks of innovation projects were identified and recommendations on resolving such problems were put forward.

PEMBENTUKAN DAN PENDIDIKAN KADER KESEHATAN JIWA DALAM MENDETEKSI GANGGUAN JIWA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BANDAR JAYA KABUPATEN LAHAT TAHUN 2020

ABSTRAKTerbentuknya kader kesehatan jiwa di masyarakat merupakan angin segar bagi pelayanan kesehatan jiwa. Hal ini harus didukung oleh tingkat pengetahuan, kemampuan, dan pengalaman kader dalam menangani penderita gangguan jiwa, sehingga perlu diadakan pendidikan bagi kader kesehatan jiwa dalam penanganan gangguan jiwa dan deteksi gangguan jiwa di masyarakat. Kader kesehatan jiwa berperan sebagai penghubung antara tenaga kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan dengan masyarakat. Metode dilakukan dengan cara berkoordinasi dengan ketua kader kesehatan dan petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas Bandar Jaya untuk membentuk kader kesehatan jiwa dan memberikan edukasi kader terkait penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa.Tingkat pengetahuan kader tentang penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa sebelum dibentuknya kader kesehatan jiwa dan pendidikan kesehatan pada kategori kurang (75%) dan cukup (25%), dan semua kader tidak dapat mendeteksi gangguan jiwa. Setelah mendapatkan penyuluhan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan kader pada kategori baik menjadi 60%, kategori baik 40%, dan tidak ada kader dalam kategori tingkat pengetahuan kurang, untuk deteksi gangguan jiwa 75% kader mampu mendeteksi gangguan jiwa. Setelah terciptanya kader kesehatan jiwa dan kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat menciptakan kader kesehatan jiwa di masyarakat yang dapat meningkatkan efektivitas pencegahan, kuratif, dan pemulihan masalah kesehatan jiwa khususnya dalam penanganan dan pendeteksian gangguan jiwa di masyarakat. Kata kunci: kader kesehatan jiwa; dekteksi gangguan jiwa; gangguan jiwa; komunitas. ABSTRACTThe establishment of mental health cadres in the community is good news for mental health services. It must be supported by the cadre’s level of knowledge, ability, and experience in handling people with mental disorders. It is necessary to educate mental health cadres on handling mental disorders and detecting mental disorders in the community. Mental health cadres serve as a communicator between health workers in health facilities and the community. The method is used by coordinating with cadre’s leader and health workers in the Bandar Jaya Public health center to educate cadres about handling and detecting mental disorders. The level of knowledge of cadres before education and training was 74% of respondents lacking knowledge, 25% of respondents had sufficient knowledge, and no one of respondents had good knowledge of handling and detecting mental disorders. The level of knowledge obtained after education was carried out, and there was an increase in knowledge where 60% of respondents obtained good knowledge scores, 40% of respondents had sufficient knowledge. There were no respondents who found that their level of knowledge was lacking. This activity is expected to create mental health cadres in the community to increase the effectiveness of preventive, curative, and recovery mental health problems, especially in handling and detecting mental disorders in the community. Keywords: mental health cadre; mental disorder detection; mental disorders; community.

Patient’S Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors and Associated Factors Among Adult Cardiac Patients in Selected Health Institutions; A Cross Sectional Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021 G.C.

Background cardiovascular related disorders are a major public health challenge in globally as well as in Ethiopia. It is crucial to improve the life style of the community at the same time it is a key for health care policy to give emphasis for prevention by educating the community by different ways. Therefore, the current study patient’s knowledge about risk factors related to those diseases. Method A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted. 420 Participants selected by systematic random sampling technique from April 01, 2021 until Jun 28, 2021 and met the criteria were included. Data was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Level of knowledge was assessed by the Heart Disease Fact Questions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with identified class of knowledge. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as to indicate statistical significances. Result The result showed that most of the study subjects were in the age range of >54. The mean age was 48.7 ± 13 years. 255(62.7%) were females. 300(71.6%) of participants have sufficient knowledge toward cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Age, Sex, Place of residence, Status of education and Marital status was significantly associated with Participant’s knowledge (p<0.05, 95% C. I). Conclusion The majority of participants had sufficient knowledge regarding cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Maintaining good status, implementation of innovative interventions and structured, nurse-led lifestyle counseling would be required to effectively guide patients.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward Covid-19 among the Mongolian general population during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: a nationwide, population-based, randomised, cross-sectional study

Improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 is critical to control the infection rate of the pandemic successfully. Mongolia declared a state of emergency in January 2020 but no study was performed on public adherence to centralised measures and awareness of the pandemic in Mongolia. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 in the general population, especially regarding the extent to which KAP has contributed to the control measures before local COVID-19 outbreaks. The study was conducted between July and October 2020, when the pandemic was limited to internationally imported cases. We adapted a structured KAP questionnaire that was used to survey residents of Wuhan, China, during the initial outbreak of the pandemic. Participants aged between 13 and 65 years (n=1324, mean age=39.79±14.8), 73.2% were women, and 27.2% held a bachelor's degree or above. The results suggested that 81.9% of the participants had sufficient knowledge about the transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of the disease. In the multiple linear regression, an increase in age and education contributed positively to a high knowledge score (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). The majority of the participants (96.2% - 96.5%) had compliance with the measures to control COVID-19 spread with good practices (82.4% - 93.1%) toward COVID-19 prevention. In the binary logistic regression analyses, the COVID-19 knowledge score was associated with a higher likelihood of optimistic attitudes and preventive practices (OR: 0.617 - 0.845). In conclusion, despite the sufficient knowledge toward the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population of Mongolia, a relatively low level of optimistic attitudes and appropriate practices compared to other populations may negatively impact preventing the outbreak in the society. Health education programs aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge will be helpful to minimise local epidemic growth and the current government measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and travel restrictions.

Knowledge on Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and sexual practices among Nursing Trainees in Yendi Municipality, Northern Region of Ghana

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the knowledge on Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and sexual practices among nursing trainees in Yendi Municipality, Northern Ghana. Methodology: The study was conducted in Northern Ghana, using a cross-sectional study design. The study recruited 265 students using a multistage sampling technique. A self-reported questionnaire was used for the data collection. Data were analyzed using Stata version 16 and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings: Majority (54.0%) of the respondents were males (69.1%), below 25 years with a mean age of 23.5 ±2.4 years. Most students (33.2%) had their first sexual relationship before 20 years of age. Only 20.4% of the students reported having had STIs in the past six months. Nine out of ten (90.9%) respondents have heard of STIs. Among the respondents who had ever heard of STIs, majority (71.7%) heard about STIs in school, followed by the media (41.1%), friends (33.2%), and relatives (29.4%). Majority (75.0%) of students had sufficient knowledge of STIs. The association between knowledge on STIs and program of study (X2=7.6, p=0.023), gender (X2=3.93, p=0.047), and age (X2=22.3, p=0.039) were statistically significant. The odds of sufficient knowledge of STIs for students pursuing Registered Mental Nursing (RMN) is 3 times that of those studying RNAC program (AOR=3.4, 95%CI=1.23 – 9.55, p-value=0.019). Respondents aged ≥25 years were 1.8 times more likely to have sufficient knowledge compared with those below 25 years (AOR=1.8, 95%CI=0.91 – 3.38, p=0.047). Recommendation: There is the need for sensitizations and intensifying education since not all students were armed with the required information on STIs. Stakeholders including, the Ministry of Health, Ghana Health Service, Islamic Medical Association of Ghana (IMAGH), Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG) and Tutors of health training institutions ought to re-evaluate the current interventions, and protocols on STIs prevention. There is also the need to regulate media content on health by the National Media Commission and the Ministry of Health of Ghana and its affiliates to ensure the right information on STIs is channelled to listeners by qualified persons.