Age-related influence on physical fitness and individual on-duty task performance of Portuguese male non-elite police officers

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Teixeira ◽  
Luís F. Monteiro ◽  
Ricardo Silvestre ◽  
João Beckert ◽  
Luís M. Massuça
Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Alfredo O. Araujo ◽  
Jose M. Cancela ◽  
Pedro Bezerra ◽  
Cesar Chaves ◽  
Luis P. Rodrigues

Age-related influences on somatic and physical fitness of elite police agents Influencias de la edad en la aptitud física y somática de los agentes de policía de élite Background: Elite police officers must be physically fit to perform their job occupational demands but information on the effect of age in their physical fitness and somatic composition is scarce. Our aim is to describe the effect of age on somatic and physical fitness of a Special Police Unit (SPU); and to understand age-related changes. Methods: 117 SPU elements of a total of 218, aged 42.6±4.2 years, were assessed on their somatic (height, weight, circumferences, skinfolds); body composition (BMI, body fat); and physical fitness (maximal, power and endurance strength, aerobic power, and flexibility). T-tests were used for comparing results to other police studies. Regression analysis was used to detect the effect of age for somatic and fitness variable. Results: SPU elements showed a homogeneous and suitable fitness condition. No somatic differences were found along age, but annual age losses were found for physical fitness, namely for strength: left handgrip strength (95%CI -0.70 to -0.12), bench press (95%CI -2.34 to -0.89), squat jump (95%CI -0.70 to -0.12), medicinal ball throw (95%CI -0.62 to -0.25), push-ups (95%CI -1.64 to -0.66), pull-ups (95%CI -0.53 to -0.11), sit-ups (95%CI -1.33 to -0.27), but also on the VO2max (-0.535 to -0.115). Conclusions: Portuguese SPU elements showed a good somatic and physical fitness condition according to the requirements of their profession. Regardless the effect of age they were able to maintain a good somatic fitness and a very good aerobic power along the years. The loss of strength was the most associated with age.  Resumen. Introducción: Los agentes de policía de élite deben estar en buena forma física para cumplir con las demandas ocupacionales de su trabajo, pero la información sobre el efecto de la edad en su condición física y composición somática es escasa. Nuestro objetivo es describir el efecto de la edad sobre la aptitud física y somática de una Unidad Especial de Policía (SPU); y comprender los cambios relacionados con la edad. Métodos: Se evaluaron 117 elementos SPU de un total de 218, con edad de 42,6 ± 4,2 años, en su morfología (altura, peso, circunferencias, pliegues cutáneos); composición corporal (IMC, grasa corporal); y aptitud física (fuerza máxima, potencia y resistencia, potencia aeróbica y flexibilidad). Se utilizaron pruebas t-Student para comparar los resultados con otros estudios policiales. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión para detectar el efecto de la edad para la variable somática y de aptitud. Resultados: Los elementos SPU mostraron una condición física adecuada y homogénea. No se encontraron diferencias somáticas a lo largo de la edad, pero se encontraron pérdidas de edad anuales para la condición física, es decir, para la fuerza: fuerza de prensión (IC 95%: -0,70 a -0,12), bench press (IC del 95%: -2,34 a -0,89), squat jump (IC 95%: -0,70 a -0,12), lanzamiento de pelota medicinal (IC 95%: -0,62 a -0,25), extensiones de brazo (IC 95%: -1,64 a -0,66), flexiones de brazo (IC 95%: -0,53 a -0,11), abdominales (IC 95%: -1,33 a -0,27), pero también sobre el VO2 máx. (-0,535 a -0,115). Conclusiones: Los elementos SPU portugueses mostraron una buena condición física y somática de acuerdo con los requisitos de su profesión. Independientemente del efecto de la edad lograron mantener una buena condición somática y una muy buena potencia aeróbica a lo largo de los años. La pérdida de fuerza fue la más asociada con la edad.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Marianne Yee ◽  
Sarah L Adams ◽  
Asad Beck ◽  
Todd Samuel Braver

Motivational incentives play an influential role in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. A compelling hypothesis in the literature suggests that the brain integrates the motivational value of diverse incentives (e.g., motivational integration) into a common currency value signal that influences decision-making and behavior. To investigate whether motivational integration processes change during healthy aging, we tested older (N=44) and younger (N=54) adults in an innovative incentive integration task paradigm that establishes dissociable and additive effects of liquid (e.g., juice, neutral, saltwater) and monetary incentives on cognitive task performance. The results reveal that motivational incentives improve cognitive task performance in both older and younger adults, providing novel evidence demonstrating that age-related cognitive control deficits can be ameliorated with sufficient incentive motivation. Additional analyses revealed clear age-related differences in motivational integration. Younger adult task performance was modulated by both monetary and liquid incentives, whereas monetary reward effects were more gradual in older adults and more strongly impacted by trial-by-trial performance feedback. A surprising discovery was that older adults shifted attention from liquid valence toward monetary reward throughout task performance, but younger adults shifted attention from monetary reward toward integrating both monetary reward and liquid valence by the end of the task, suggesting differential strategic utilization of incentives. Together these data suggest that older adults may have impairments in incentive integration, and employ different motivational strategies to improve cognitive task performance. The findings suggest potential candidate neural mechanisms that may serve as the locus of age-related change, providing targets for future cognitive neuroscience investigations.


2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2860-2874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo F. Marins ◽  
Gabriela B. David ◽  
Fabrício B. Del Vecchio

Author(s):  
Byungjoo Noh ◽  
Changhong Youm ◽  
Myeounggon Lee ◽  
Hwayoung Park

This study aimed to identify classifier variables by considering both gait and physical fitness for identifying adults aged over 75 years and global cognitive function declines in older adults. The participants included 735 adults aged 65–89 years who were asked to walk at three different speeds (slower, preferred, and faster) while wearing inertial measurement units embedded in shoe-type data loggers and to perform nine physical fitness tests. The variability in the stance phase as well as the strength, balance, and functional endurance showed a strong dependence on the age being over 75 years. The cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination; a longer stance phase at a slower walking speed and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand were associated with cognitive function. These findings may be useful for determining the decline in physical performance of older adults. A longer stance phase and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand may be factors that help distinguish declines in cognitive function from normal age-related declines.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Yi-Ching Chen ◽  
I-Chen Lin ◽  
Yen-Ting Lin ◽  
Wei-Min Huang ◽  
Chien-Chun Huang ◽  
...  

This study contrasted the stochastic force component between young and older adults, who performed pursuit tracking/compensatory tracking by exerting in-phase/antiphase forces to match a sinusoidal target. Tracking force was decomposed into the force component containing the target frequency and the nontarget force fluctuations (stochastic component). Older adults with inferior task performance had higher complexity (entropy across time; p = .005) in total force. For older adults, task errors were negatively correlated with force fluctuation complexity (pursuit tracking: r = −.527 to −.551; compensatory tracking: r = −.626 to −.750). Notwithstanding an age-related increase in total force complexity (p = .004), older adults exhibited lower complexity of the stochastic force component than young adults did (low frequency: p = .017; high frequency: p = .035). Those older adults with a higher complexity of stochastic force had better task performance due to the underlying use of a richer gradation strategy to compensate for impaired oscillatory control.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-307
Author(s):  
Filip Kukic ◽  
Aleksandra Scekic ◽  
Nenad Koropanovski ◽  
Aleksandar Cvorovic ◽  
Jay J Dawes ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Greg Kennedy ◽  
Denny Meyer ◽  
Roy J. Hardman ◽  
Helen Macpherson ◽  
Andrew B. Scholey ◽  
...  

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