Gregor Mendel, Thomas Hunt Morgan en experimenten in de klassieke genetica

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-135
Author(s):  
Bert Leuridan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Discovery ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Crucial Feature ◽  
Manipulative Experiments ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Gregor Mendel ◽  
Classical Genetics ◽  
Thomas Hunt Morgan

Abstract Gregor Mendel, Thomas Hunt Morgan and experiments in classical geneticsIn the middle of the 19th century, Gregor Mendel performed a series of crosses with pea plants to investigate how hybrids are formed. Decades later, Thomas Hunt Morgan finalized the theory of classical genetics. An important aspect of Mendel’s and Morgan’s scientific approach is that they worked in a systematic, experimental fashion. But how did these experiments proceed? What is the relation between these experiments and Mendel’s and Morgan’s explanatory theories? What was their evidential value? Using present-day insights in the nature of experimentation I will show that the answer to these questions is fascinating but not obvious. Crossings in classical genetics lacked a crucial feature of traditional experiments for causal discovery: manipulation of the purported causes. Hence they were not traditional, ‘manipulative’ experiments, but ‘selective experiments’.

6. Genes

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Samir Okasha
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
History Of Genetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gregor Mendel ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Classical Genetics

There is no satisfactory one-line answer to the question ‘what exactly is a gene?’. The reasons why a precise definition is elusive are particularly interesting, and raise a number of philosophical subtleties. ‘Genes’ delves briefly into the history of genetics in order to understand them. It first looks at the work of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and then the era of classical genetics in the 1920s and 1930s. It then moves on to molecular genetics, which came to fruition in the 1950s. How does the gene of Mendelian or classical genetics relate to the gene of molecular genetics? This question has long occupied philosophers of biology.

Mendel's Peas & the Nature of the Gene: Genes Code for Proteins & Proteins Determine Phenotype

2011 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Offner
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Map ◽  
Gregor Mendel ◽  
Classical Genetics

We are beginning to understand the biochemical nature of the genes that Gregor Mendel studied in his classic experiments with garden peas. This paper shows where Mendel's genes are located on the pea chromosome map, discusses the mutations involved in some of these genes, and shows how they can be used to teach classical genetics and the nature of the gene.

The Anomaly of Bacterial Genetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Bacterial Conjugation ◽  
Bacterial Genetics ◽  
New Model ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Foundational Research ◽  
Gregor Mendel ◽  
Classical Genetics

This chapter reviews the research that set the stage for Joshua Lederberg’s surprising discovery of bacterial conjugation. While the foundational research of Gregor Mendel and his principles of inheritance had been effectively combined with Darwinian evolution, producing the Modern Synthesis in the mid-forties, bacteria did not fit into this grand synthesis. Most biologists believed that bacteria were too primitive to have real genes. But Delbruck, Hershey and Luria organized the Phage School, leading a novel approach to discovering the molecular biology of the gene by studying bacteriophages. Microbiologists like Tracy Sonneborn and Carl Lindegren turned to alternative microorganisms—protists, fungi, and yeast—to develop new model systems that offered advantages over the classical genetics organisms of animals and plants. The research of Edward Tatum and Jacques Monod indicated that mutations seemed to explain variation in bacteria. For many years, however, bacteriologists had known that bacteria reproduced by fission. The lack of any genetic hybridization seemed to argue against using bacteria to study basic genetic processes.

Power-Enhanced Funnel Plots for Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Funnel Plot ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Funnel Plots ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. Currently, dedicated graphical displays to depict study-level statistical power in the context of meta-analysis are unavailable. Here, we introduce the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot to visualize this relevant information for assessing the credibility, or evidential value, of a set of studies. The sunset funnel plot highlights the statistical power of primary studies to detect an underlying true effect of interest in the well-known funnel display with color-coded power regions and a second power axis. This graphical display allows meta-analysts to incorporate power considerations into classic funnel plot assessments of small-study effects. Nominally significant, but low-powered, studies might be seen as less credible and as more likely being affected by selective reporting. We exemplify the application of the sunset funnel plot with two published meta-analyses from medicine and psychology. Software to create this variation of the funnel plot is provided via a tailored R function. In conclusion, the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot is a novel and useful graphical display to critically examine and to present study-level power in the context of meta-analysis.

The Scientific Approach to Will Power

1973 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 632-634
Author(s):  
ISAAC M. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Will Power

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS DI SMP KOTA TERNATE

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naniek Jusnita ◽  
Anwar Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Approach

Penelitian dilakukan untuk mencari tahu proses penerapan pendekatan saintifik dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa Inggris dan kesulitan-kesulitan yang di hadapi oleh guru dalam proses pengajaran dikelas. Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran khususnya pada implementasi pendekatan saintifik (Scientific Approach). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di tiga sekolah menengah yang berbeda di Kota Ternate. Peserta dalam penelitian ini adalah sembilan guru SMP bahasa Inggris dari keterwakilan tiga SMP dan dari kelas 1, 2, dan 3. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan desain kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan lewat analisis dokumen, wawancara dan Observasi. Data dianalisis dengan analisis tema dan di presentasikan berdasarkan pertanyaan penelitian. Data kemudian divalidasi lewat tringulasi dan member cek.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penerapan pendekatan saintifik approach dalam kurikulum 2013 sudah sesuai dengan kaidah dan disusunanya. Dalam format Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), guru-guru bahasa Inggris mendiskripsikan secara jelas langkah-langkah pendekatan saintifik (scientific Approach) dengan menggunakan metode, strategi atau tekhnik pembelajaran secara variatif. Namun dalama proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris di kelas, guru masih jarang menerapkan pendekatan tersebut. Dalam sistimatis pendekatan saintifik, guru sering tidak mengikuti tahapan langkah-langkah penerapan pendekatan tersebut karena lebih menyesuaikan kondisi kelas. Guru-guru belum maksimal menerapkan pendekatan tersebut karena ada beberap faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh guru dalam penerapan pendekatan saintifik adalah: 1) kurangnya pelatihan atau workshop yang melibatkan banyak guru di setiap sekolah 2) terbatasnya media pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah tersebut.

Innovation and investment framework for the development of competitive fisheries and aquaculture

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Nataliia Vdovenko ◽  
Maryna Pavlenko ◽  
Elena Hryniuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Competitive Activity ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Innovative Economy ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Production Plans

The purpose of the article it consists in the substantiation of innovation and investment principles of competitive development of fisheries and aquaculture in order to effectively conduct business in modern economic conditions and to comply with technological parameters of production, introduce innovations in production, and economical attitude to fish and water resources. Methodology research consists in using a combination of methods: economic-statistical, monographic, systemic, economic-mathematical, abstract-logical and others. The scientific novelty the re- sults obtained include the introduction of innovative, economically viable and competitive production technologies based on a scientific approach to organizing an aquaculture business, namely the ability to quickly and efficiently respond to external challenges, find a way out of a critical situation and correctly adjust production plans in accordance with changes in market conditions. Conclusions. Substantially modern principles of the effective functioning of fisheries in order to ensure competitive activity. Regulatory tools are proposed to ensure the profitability of the aquaculture business, which include attracting in- vestments for the acquisition of capital goods, training specialists and constantly improving their skills, and ensuring efficient fisheries production in an innovative economy.

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