scholarly journals Segregating Signaling and Media Planes into Different containers

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 1373-1382
Author(s):  
Dr. Kiran V ◽  
◽  
Rahul Raj D N ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Packet Processing ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Voice Communications ◽  
Decoupled Architecture ◽  
Sip Server ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Number

Scalability is an important aspect of communication networks. With the ascent of SIP and associated modern real-time protocols, IP telephony has become a revolutionary technology in connecting users through real-time voice communications with enabled video and instant messaging capabilities. B2BUA is a SIP server that provides call management and authentication functionality by reformulating the request and routing the traffic to other user agents in the network. It comprises signaling and media entities that handle all control signaling messages and real-time data(media) information respectively. The signaling and entities run as different processes in the same container. Such an architecture encounters a large CPU utilization after a specific number of maximum calls due to increase traffic flowing within the same node. Further Packet processing is CPU intensive and there is a need for an architecture that scales well with increasing traffic without hitting the CPU performance. The paper presents the design of decoupled architecture for Signaling and Media entities by running both the processes in different containers. With such an approach, one Signaling entity can communicate with multiple Media entities or vice versa thereby providing a suitable scalable solution to deal with the increased traffic and further maintaining the system efficiency. The paper is concluded by highlighting the difference between Kubernetes and OpenStack for the proposed architecture

scholarly journals The Unreliability of Output-Gap Estimates in Real Time

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Ul Haq Satti ◽  
Wasim Shahid Malik
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
The State ◽  
Output Gap ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Uncertainty Measurement ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Final Data ◽  
The Difference

Most research on monetary policy assumes availability of information regarding the current state of economy, at the time of the policy decision. A key challenge for policy-makers is to find indicators that give a clear and precise signal of the state of the economy in real time—that is, when policy decisions are actually taken. One of the indicators used to asses the economic condition is the output gap; and the estimates of output gap from real time data misrepresents the true state of economy. So the policy decisions taken on the basis of real time noisy data are proved wrong when true data become available. Within this context we find evidence of wrong estimates of output gap in real time data. This is done by comparing estimates of output gap based on real time data with that in the revised data. The quasi real time data are also constructed such that the difference between estimates of output gap from real time data and that from quasi real time data reflects data revision and the difference between estimates of output gap from final data and that from quasi real time data portray other revisions including end sample bias. Moreover, output gap is estimated with the help of five methods namely the linear trend method, quadratic trend method, Hordrick-Prescott (HP) filter, production function method, and structural vector autoregressive method. Results indicate that the estimates of output gap in real time data are different from what have been found in final data but other revisions, compared to data revisions, are found more significant. Moreover, the output gap measured using all the methods, except the linear trend method, appropriately portray the state of economy in the historical context. It is also found that recessions can be better predicted by real time data instead of revised data, and final data show more intensity of recession compared with what has been shown in real time data. JEL Classification: E320 Keywords: Data Uncertainty, Measurement Uncertainty, Output Gap, Business Cycle, Economic Activity

scholarly journals Influence of load balancing on quality of real time data transmission

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Maksic ◽  
Petar Knezevic ◽  
Marija Antic ◽  
Aleksandra Smiljanic
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
The Difference

The routing algorithm with load balancing presented in [1] represents the modification of OSPF protocol, which enables the optimization to achieve higher network throughput. In the case of routing with load balancing, packets belonging to the same stream use different paths in the network. This paper analyzes the influence of the difference in packet propagation times on the quality of real-time data transmission. The proposed algorithm was implemented and the simulation network was formed to measure the jitter. .

scholarly journals En-route headway-based bus reliability with real-time data at network scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Li ◽  
Huadong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Automatic Vehicle Location ◽  
Reliability Improvement ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Network Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bus Travel Time ◽  
Route Reliability

Abstract Bus reliability has long attracted attention and been extensively studied to enhance service quality. However, existing research generally evaluates bus reliability of specific routes or stops. To this end, this study explores en-route bus reliability with real-time data at network scale. Drawing on data of bus automatic vehicle location and smart card usage in Ningbo, China, this study calculates headway-based reliability with the difference between actual and scheduled headway at each stop. To demonstrate the trend of stop-level reliability along a bus route, reliability is graded and visualized on a map with ridership at each stop, which is then weighted with passenger-boarding volume. Route-level reliability is then quantified and mapped, where unreliable service basically concentrates in or extends through the centre area. With respect to network-level reliability, temporal changes are demonstrated with ridership on weekdays and at the weekend. It is observed that on weekdays, the reliability trend is similar to that of ridership, implying a causal relationship between bus travel-time variation and bus waiting-time at stops. Furthermore, a reliability comparison between weekdays in December and October shows the necessity of evaluating periodically and around important events to avoid negative riding experiences that discourage public transport usage. This research provides insights for bus agencies to systematically evaluate service reliability both spatially and temporarily, in order to identify and prioritize the routes and stops where the scope for reliability improvement and the expected benefit are greatest.

scholarly journals Android Based Instant Messaging Tool Using Firebase as Backend

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Ashita, Vasudha Bahl Dr.Amita Goel and Nidhi Sengar
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Time Data ◽  
World Communication ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Audio Video

In today’s world, communication is very important and keeping this communication in real time is important as our lives become faster. Internet communication is becoming more and more important these days. Online communication allows users to communicate with other people in a fast and easy way. Keeping this in mind, the communication app should be able to transfer files and messages instantly without or with little delay, depending on the broadcast field. For such a system to work there must be a database that will update in real time to store all the data transferred.Google Firebase is a service that provides real-time data server, as well as many other features and Firebase enables us to develop applications that are easy to connect to. In this paper, we propose a system that will be able to send text and text-based files such as photos, audio, video, text online between two users on the network in real time.We use the Android and Google Firebase operating system to manage contact back functionality, highlighting various features of the application and service.

scholarly journals Visualizing the quality of partially accruing data for use in decision making

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Eaton ◽  
Ian Painter ◽  
Donald Olson ◽  
William Lober
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into

Secondary use of clinical health data for near real-time public health surveillance presents challenges surrounding its utility due to data quality issues. Data used for real-time surveillance must be timely, accurate and complete if it is to be useful; if incomplete data are used for surveillance, understanding the structure of the incompleteness is necessary. Such data are commonly aggregated due to privacy concerns. The Distribute project was a near real-time influenza-like-illness (ILI) surveillance system that relied on aggregated secondary clinical health data. The goal of this work is to disseminate the data quality tools developed to gain insight into the data quality problems associated with these data. These tools apply in general to any system where aggregate data are accrued over time and were created through the end-user-as-developer paradigm. Each tool was developed during the exploratory analysis to gain insight into structural aspects of data quality. Our key finding is that data quality of partially accruing data must be studied in the context of accrual lag—the difference between the time an event occurs and the time data for that event are received, i.e. the time at which data become available to the surveillance system. Our visualization methods therefore revolve around visualizing dimensions of data quality affected by accrual lag, in particular the tradeoff between timeliness and completion, and the effects of accrual lag on accuracy.  Accounting for accrual lag in partially accruing data is necessary to avoid misleading or biased conclusions about trends in indicator values and data quality. 

Ambulatory Assessment

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer ◽  
Timothy J. Trull
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ambulatory Assessment ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Questionnaire Studies

Convergent experimental data, autobiographical studies, and investigations on daily life have all demonstrated that gathering information retrospectively is a highly dubious methodology. Retrospection is subject to multiple systematic distortions (i.e., affective valence effect, mood congruent memory effect, duration neglect; peak end rule) as it is based on (often biased) storage and recollection of memories of the original experience or the behavior that are of interest. The method of choice to circumvent these biases is the use of electronic diaries to collect self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes in real time. Different terms have been used for this kind of methodology: ambulatory assessment, ecological momentary assessment, experience sampling method, and real-time data capture. Even though the terms differ, they have in common the use of computer-assisted methodology to assess self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes, while the participant undergoes normal daily activities. In this review we discuss the main features and advantages of ambulatory assessment regarding clinical psychology and psychiatry: (a) the use of realtime assessment to circumvent biased recollection, (b) assessment in real life to enhance generalizability, (c) repeated assessment to investigate within person processes, (d) multimodal assessment, including psychological, physiological and behavioral data, (e) the opportunity to assess and investigate context-specific relationships, and (f) the possibility of giving feedback in real time. Using prototypic examples from the literature of clinical psychology and psychiatry, we demonstrate that ambulatory assessment can answer specific research questions better than laboratory or questionnaire studies.

399-P: Nurse-Driven Intervention Using Real-Time Data to Improve Hypoglycemia Rates in a Respiratory Care Unit

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 399-P
Author(s):  
ANN MARIE HASSE ◽  
RIFKA SCHULMAN ◽  
TORI CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Real Time Data
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